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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
PERIPHERAL CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYTEM NERVOUS SYETM
MOTOR SENSORY
DIVISION DIVISION
BRAIN SPINAL
CORD
AUTONOMIC SOMATIC
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Sympathetic
Organization of
Parasympathetic Nervous System
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
Skeletal muscle
Somatic motor
Spinal cord neuron
Lateral horn
Preganglionic
Spinal cord neuron
Postganglionic neuron PERIPHERAL …….
SUBTOPICS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Contrasting the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
2. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
3. Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
4. Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System
5. Functional Generalization About Autonomic Nervous System
1. CONTRASTING THE SOMATIC AND THE
AUTONOMIC NERVEOUS SYSTEMS
Objective:
Compare the structure and functional differences between the somatic
and autonomic nervous system
Organization ………….
Anatomical differences between Somatic Nervous System and
Autonomic Nervous Syatem
Cell body
in CNS Preganglionic
neuron
Somatic Cell body
neuron
(Ganglion)
out of CNS Postganglionic
neuron
Effectors
Functional differences between Somatic Nervous System and
Autonomic Nervous System
Summarizes of differences…………
Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Feature SNS ANS
Target tissues Skeletal muscle Smooth, cardiac muscle, and glands
Neuron cell body Neuron cell bodies are in motor Pregangiolonic neuron cell bodies are
location nuclei of the cranial nerves and in autonomic nuclei of the cranial
in the ventral horn of the spinal nerves and in the lateral part of the
cord spinal cord; postganglionic neuron
cell bodies are in the autonomic
ganglia
Continued …………
Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Feature SNS ANS
Number of synapses One synapse between the Two synapses; first in autonomic
somatic motor neuron and the ganglia; second is at the target tissues
skeletal muscle
Axon sheaths Myelinated Preganglionic are myelinated;
postganglionic are unmyelinated
Objective:
• Compare the structural differences between the sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions
• Describe the structure of the enteric nervous system
• Describe how sympathetic and parasympathetic axons are
distributed to organs
ANS
SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
Complex network of neuron cell bodies and axons within the wall of
digestive tract that composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
1. Neuron cell bodies located in the lateral horn spinal cord gray matter between
T1 and L2 segments called thoracolumbar division
2. The preganglionic neuron project to autonomic ganglia (sympathetic chain
ganglia = paravertebral ganglia) on either side of vertebral column behind the
parietal pleural
3. The sympathetic chain extends into cervical and sacral regions but only ganglia
from T1 – L2 that receive preganglionic axons. The cervical and sacral regions
is associated with the nearly every pair of spinal nerves
4. The cervical ganglia fuse during fetal development only two or three pairs
exist in the adult
5. The preganglionic neuron are small and myelinated
6. The short connection between spinal nerve and a ganglion called white ramus
communicants
SYMPATHETIC
DIVISION
IX
The cell bodies are within the
brainstem and sacral region
X
Craniosacral division
Comparison of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Division
Feature Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division
Location of preganglionic Lateral horns of spinal cord Brainstem and lateral parts of
cell Bodies gray matter (T1 – L2) spinal gray matter (S2 – S4)
Outflow from the CNS Spinal nerves Cranial nerves
Sympathetic nerves Pelvic nerves
Splanchnic nerves
Ganglia The chain along spinal cord Terminal ganglia near or on
for spinal and sympathetic effector organ
nerves; collateral ganglia for
splanchnic nerves
Number of postganglionic Many (much divergence) Few (less divergence)
neurons for each
preganglionic neuron
Relative length of neuron Short preganglionic Long preganglionic
Long postganglionic Short postganglionic
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurotransmitters
Preganglion
Sympathetic (cholinergic) Parasympathetic
Acetylcholine
Ganglion
Postganglion
Postganglion (Cholinergic)
(adrenergic)
Norepinephrine
Receptors
Sympathetic division
Most target tissues have adrenergic receptors
Sympathetic division
Some target tissues have muscarinic receptor
Sweat gland
Parasympathetic division
Effects and receptor types of sympathetic and parasympathetic division
on various tissues
Organ Sympathetic effects and receptor types Parasympathetic
effects and receptors
types
Adipose tissue Fat breakdown release of fatty acids (2 and 1) None
Arrector pili muscle Contrastion (1) None
Effects ………………continue
Organ Sympathetic effects and receptor types Parasympathetic effects and
receptors types
Eye
Ciliary muscle Relaxation for far vision (2) Constriction for near vision (m)
Pupil Dilated (1) Constricted (m)
Continue ………….
Organ Sympathetic effects and receptor types Parasympathetic effects and
receptors types
Heart Increases rate and force of contraction (2 & 2) Decreases rate (m)
Liver Glucose released into blood (1 & 2) None
Lungs Dilates air passageways (2) Constricts airpassageways (m)
Stomach and
intestines
•Wall Decreases tone (1, 2 & 2) Increases motility (m)
•Sphincter Increases tone (1) Decreases tone (m)
Urinary baldder
•Wall (detrusor) None Contraction (m)
•Neck of bladder Contraction (1) Relaxation (m)
•Internal urinary Contraction (1) Relaxation (m)
spihincter
Assignments:
1. Define cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. Which neurons of the ANS
are cholinergic and adrenergic
2. Name the two major subtypes of cholinergic receptors. Where are they
located? When acetylcholine bind to each subtype, does it result in an
excitatory or inhibitory cell responses?
3. Name the two major subtypes of adrenergic receptors. Where are they
located?
4. On what part of the cell are and - adrenergic receptors typically
found? How are they typically stimulated? What type of response is
generally produced when there are stimulated?
4. REGULATION OF THE ANS
Objectives
• Expalin how autonomic and local reflexes help to maintain homeostais
• Describe the role of the hypothalamus in controlling the ANS
Dual innervation
Most organ innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Dual innervation is not universal
Structures receive dual innervation are not regulated equally by both division
Opposite effects
The two division that innervate a single structure always produce opposite effects
The ANS can increase or decrease the activity of the structure
In a few instances, the effects is not clearly opposite
Cooperative effects
One autonomic division can coordinate the activities of a different structures
Both division of ANS can act together to coordinate the activity of a different
structures
General versus localized effects
The sympathetic division has a more general and longer effects than the
parasympathetic division
The sympathetic division diverges more than parasympathetic
The sympathetic stimulation often activates many different kind of effector organs
at the same time as a result of CNS stimulation or norepinephrine/epinephrine
release from adrenal medulla
Functions at rest versus activity
Sympathetic division influences under active or stress condition referred to “flight –
or fight response”
Parasympathetic division influences under resting condition
During exercise
1. Increases heart rate and force of contraction; increase blood pressure and
movement
2. Oxygen, nutrient consumption, waste product are increased
3. Blood flow into tissue increase; reduces blood flow into tissues not involve in
exercise by vasoconstriction making blood more available for the exercising
tissues
4. Dilatation of air passageway
5. Increases the availability of energy sources. Muscle and liver stimulated to break
down glycogen into glucose
6. Exercising muscle generate heat, body temperature increase
7. The activity of organs not essential for exercise decrease
Assignments:
1. What kind of effects, excitatory or inhibitory, are produced by the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
2. Give two exceptions to the generalization that organs are innervated
by both division of ANS
3. When a single organ is innervated by both ANS divisions, do they
usually produce opposite effects?
4. Explain how the ANS coordinates the activities of a different organs
5. Which ANS division produces the most general effects? How does
this happens?
6. Explain the “fight – or – flight response”
CRITICAL THINKING
1. When a person is startled or sees a “pleasurable” object, the pupil of the eyes may
dilate. What division of the ANS is involved in this reaction? Describe the nerve
pathway involved
2. Reduced secretion from salivary and lacrimal glands could indicate damage to
what nerve?
3. In patient with Reynaud’s disease, blood vessels in the skin of the hand may
become chronically constricted, thereby reducing blood flow and producing
gangrene. These vessels are supplied by nerves that originate at levels T2 and T3
of the spinal cord and eventually exit through the first thoracic and inferior
cervical sympathetic ganglia. Surgical treatment for Reynaud’s disease sever this
nerve supply. At which of the following location would you recommend that the
cut be made: white rami T2 – T3, gray rami of T2 – T3, spinal nerves, or spinal
nerves C1 – T1? Explain.
Critical thinking continued………
4. Patients with diabetes mellitus can develop neuropathy, which is damage to parts of
the autonomic nerves. Given the following part of the ANS – vagus nerve, splanchnic
nerve, pelvic nerve, cranial nerve, outflow of gray ramus – match the part with the
symptom it would produce if the part were damaged:
a. Impotence
b. Subnormal sweat production
c. Gastric atony and delayed emptying of the stomach
d. Diminished pupil reaction (constriction) to light
e. Bladder paralysis with urinary retention
Critical thinking continued ….
5. Explain why metacholine, a drug that act like acetylcholine, is effective for treating
tachycardia (heart rate faster than normal). Which of the following side effects would
you predict: increased salivation, dilatation of the pupil, sweating, and difficulty in
taking a deep breath?
6. A patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion, which
inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you
predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination,
pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, or cramps? Would atropine be an effective drug
to treat the symptoms? Explain.
7. Epinephrine is routinely mixed with local anesthetic solution. Why?
Critical thinking continued ……….
8. A drug blocks the effect of the sympathetic division on the heart. Careful
investigation reveals that after administration of the drug, normal action potentials are
produced in sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. Also, injection of
norepinephrine produces a normal response in the heart. Explain, in as many ways as
you can, the mode of action of the unknown drug.
9. A drug is known to decrease heart rate. After the cutting the white rami of T1 – T4,
the drug still causes heart rate to decline. After cutting the vagus nerves, the drug no
longer affects the heart rate. Which division of ANS does the drug affect? Does the
drug have its effect at the synapse between postganglionic neurons and effector
organs, or in the CNS? Is the effect of the drug excitatory or inhibitory?
10. Make a list of the responses controlled by ANS in (a) a person who is extremely
angry and (b) a person who has just finished eating and is relaxing.