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UNIT - II
2
Axially Loaded
Review: Bar
Stress: Stress:
Strain: Strain:
Deformation: Deformation:
3
Axially Loaded
Review: Bar
Stress:
Strain:
Deformation
4
Axially Loaded Bar –
GoverningEquations
and Boundary
Conditions
• Differential
d
Equation
du
EA(x) f (x) 0 0x
dx dx
L
• Boundary
Condition Types
• prescribed displacement (essential
BC)
•prescribed force/derivative of
displacement (natural BC)
5
Axially Loaded Bar –
BoundaryConditions
• Examples
• fixed end
• simple
support
• free end
6
Potential
Energy
• Elastic Potential Energy (PE)
- Spring case
Unstretched spring
PE 0
Stretched
1 2
bar PE kx
2
x
- Axially loaded bar
undeformed: PE
L
0
PE Adx
1
deformed:
20
- Elastic body
PE 12 VσT εdv
7
Potential
Energy
• Work Potential
(WE) f
P f: distributed force over
A B aline
L
P: point force
WP u fdx P u B u: displacement
0
• Total Potential
1 Adx L u fdx P
Energy
L
B
2 0u
• Principle of Minimum
0
PotentialEnergy
For conservative systems, of all the kinematically admissible displacement
fields, those corresponding to equilibrium extremize the total potential energy.
If the extremum condition is a minimum, the equilibrium state isstable.
8
Potential Energy + Rayleigh-Ritz
Approach
Example:
f
P
A B
9
Potential Energy + Rayleigh-
Ritz Approac
f h
Example:
P
A
10
FEM Formulation of
AxiallyLoaded
Bar – Governing
Equations
• Differential Equation
EA(x) f (x) 0 0x
dx dx L
d du
• Weighted-Integral
Formulation
L
0
w d EA(x) du f (x) dx
dx
0 dx
• Weak
L
Form
L
dw du du
0 0 EA(x) wf (x)dx w EA(x) 0
dx dx dx 11
Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example: Method
Step 1:
Discretization
x2
dw du P2 w x1 P1 0
w(x) f ( x) dx w
x1
dx EA(x) x
dx 15
Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):
13
Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):
E,Aare x
x2 x2
constant EA 2
x2
1 fdx
P f P1
EA 1 1 u1 x 1 1
1
2
x1
14
Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):
I I
E A
E I AI 0 0
lI lI
E
II II
u1 f1 P1 I f II I P II
I 1I
E I AII
E I AI E II AII 0
l
lI l II A l II u2 2f 2 f 2 f1 P2 P1
u P
f 3 P3 2II 1 III
0 E A 3 f f 1 P2 P 1
II III
E II AII E III AIII III III
f 2III P2III
II II
E IIA
l f l II lIII lIII u4 4P 4
0 III III
E III AIII
0 E A
lIII lIII
16
Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):
2 2 3 4
17
Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):
Condensed II II
II II EA
E A E lAII
I I
system: 0
lI lII
II II f 2 0
E III AIII 2u
E A E II IIAII E IIIAIIIIII III u3 f3 0
lII l l l
u 4f P
0 E III AIII E III AIII 4
lIII lIII 21
Approximation Methods –
Finite Element
Example Method
(cont):
Step 7:
solution
Step 8: post
calculation d2 d2
u u11 u 22 du u d11 u 2 1 Eu
E Eu 1ddx
dx dx dx 2
dx
22
Summary - Major Steps
inFEM
• Discretization
• Derivation of element equation
•weak form
•construct form of approximation
solution over one element
•derive finite element model
• Assembling – putting elements together
• Imposing boundary conditions
• Solving equations
23
• Postcomputation
1D ROD ELEMENTS
Element stiffness matrix e
]q
Ee e A 1 1
[k ]
e
Load vectors le 1 1
Element body load vector
Element traction-force vector
f Aele f 1
e 2
1
T Tle 1
e
2
1
Example 1
Problem statement: (Problem 3.1 from Chandrupatla and Belegunda’s
book)
Consider the bar in Fig.1, determine the following by hand calculation:
1) Displacement at point P 2) Strain and stress
3) Element stiffness matrix 4) strain energy in element
Given:
And
Linear Formulation for Bar
Elementu
u 1 f(x) u2
P1 P2
x
x=x1 L= x2- x=
x1 x2
, fi i f
d
where Kij EA d
i j
dx K ji
dx dx
x 1
x1
dx
2
1
x=x1 x=x2
x 25
Higher Order Formulation for
BarElementu u u3
u 1 2
x
1 2 3
x
1 2 3 4
x x1 x2
Natural (or Normal) 2◻ l /2
Coordinate:
=- =
1 1
1 , 2
1 2 1 1
=- = 2 2
1 1 1 , 2 1
1,
1 2 12
3
1 2 3
9 1 , 27 1 1
1 1 1
=- =
16 3 3
2
3 1
1 1
27
161 1 9 1
1 2 3 4 3 1 1, 4 1
16 3 16 3 3
29
Quadratic Formulation for Bar
Element
P1 f1 K11 K 12 K 13 u1
P2 f 2 K 12 u 2
K22 23
KP f K 13 23 u 3
33
3 3
where Kij x2 EA ◻
dx EA K
1
K
i j
d d d 2
◻i ji
x1 d dx dx 1
K
j
x2
l
and fi i f dx i f
1
x1 1
2 d d l
d , i, j 1, 2, 3
=- = = 28
1 0 1
Quadratic Formulation for Bar
Elementu u u
1 f(x) 2
P2 3
P1 P3
x1 x2 x3
=-1 =0 =1
u( ) u1 1 ( ) u2 2 ( ) u3 3 ( )
u2 1
1 2 1
1 3
u 1u
2
1 , 2 1 1, 3
1 2 12
x x1 x2 l d dx d 2
2◻ l /2 2 dx l
Interior load
point:
32