;

  

  
 
Equivalent Circuits for Capacitors and Inductors
     ;      Capacitor:

Impedance and Admittance

   ;    


    ;   



  
Product Rule – Impedances in Parallel

  
    
Inductor:

-Parallel Admittances Add

-Series Impedances Add

 
Voltage Division (series elements)

    
  !
Transfer Functions
Response designated as Y(s)
 
Current Division (parallel elements)

    
  !
Input Designated as F(s)
  2'

Initial Value Theorem

Impulse Response
3  4 526
Let F(s) be a strictly proper rational function of s, i.e. the
numerator and denominator of F(s) are both polynomials in s
with the degree of the numerator less than that of the

Then: lim→& '  (0 

denominator. Step Response
*
-Zero-state response of the circuit to a unit step

2
function

4 7 8
Final Value Theorem


Suppose F(s) has poles only in the open left half complex

Then: lim→+ '  lim→& (

plane, with the possible exception of a first-order pole at s=0.

=
9:;  5>?:;6
=
Feedback System
 A B  A B  …  A BD 
2  @
 A :  A :  …  A :! 
If n>m there are (n-m) infinite zeros
If n<m there are (m-n) infinite poles

-./0 
, 
*1
 Magnitude Scaling
ZXYZ sK [ Z\]^ s or YXYZ s
`abc d
ef
R XYZ  @D ;  ; LXYZ  @D  
jabc labc
CXYZ  ; GXYZ 
ef ef
Current controlled voltage sources multiplied by @D
Poles and zeroes are of standard form: sσ ω  Voltage controlled current sources divided by @D
where σ is the real part ω is the imaginary part VCVS and CCCS are unchanged

2 is stable only if every bounded input signal

If H(s) is a voltage or current ratio, magnitude
scaling has no effect on H(s). If H(s) has units of
ohms, then HXYZ s  @D 2  . If H(s) has
yields a bounded response signal. Poles must lie on
1mno 
units of seimens, then HXYZ s 
the open left half complex plane.
p
.


Frequency Scaling
HXYZ s  2   
@q
j p mno
CXYZ  e abc
e
; LXYZ 
0
Input: ftKcosωtθ
f r

Output: ytMω*cos ωtφω

MωKR|Hjω|
φω∠Hjωθ
Convolution
&

s  3 ∗ (  u 3 A v(v =v

4&
&

 u 3( A v=v
Transfer Function of Opamp Circuit

4&
The convolution operation is commutative, distributive,
and associative
Lht*xftyHsFs

Sifting Property of Delta Function

&

u ftδt-T dtfT
-&

Time Shift Theorem

3 A   ∗ ( A    3 A  A  

Convolution Algebra
dh 
yt  €  * u (v=v
dt 4&
Bandpass Transfer Function

For ‹Œ‘ ž 6
′ ¡ 
œ‡
R′ ¡ „ y
x*’
¢‡
Resonance
-Frequency at which steady-state voltage and current
are in phase.

 
2‚ƒ 
-Z(s), Y(s), H(s) must be completely real at s=jωR
„ = „ ˆp
„ *‚… *†‡ „
 * *†p
‰
Š.
†p †p
‹Œ  ; Ž†  2‘ 
‚ˆ ’‡
@
2D  “ “
2‘

”,  –‘  —‘   ”D   ”D – ‘

Parallel RLC: ‹Œ  ”+ ;

Series RLC: ‹Œ  ”+ /;
”+  1›
√
(undamped natural frequency)

Series/Parallel Transformations
†
‹Œ 
œ
(coil series resistance)
‹Œ‘  ”;‘ (parallel leakage resistance)
Brickwall Specs

For ‹Œ ž 6
′ ¡ 
;′ ¡ ; x1  ‹Œ

y
Butterworth Loss Functions Procedure for High-Pass Filter Realization

ω
1. Compute equivalent low-pass specs using the
frequency transformation equation: Ω µ›ω
2. Determine filter order. (same equation as

”
3. Determine 3dB frequency ΩŒ  Œ›”‘  1¶ 1
Procedure for Computing Butterworth Loss Function before) and refer to polynomial table 21.1

 
±¤
1. Identify filter specs ωp, Amax, ωs, Amin
†
2. Set Ω 
†‡
and compute filter order via:

¨.§ªpŠ« ¬§
4. Frequency scale circuit elements so that 3dB
¦ §¨
¨.§ª
frequency becomes ΩŒ
o ¤¥
§¨ p¢­ ¬§

]\®§¨ ٝ
5. Execute LP->HP transformation on individual

of value 1›Cω ; Inductors become capacitors of

circuit elements. Capacitors become inductors
3. Look up 3dB normalized Butterworth
µ
1
polynomial in table 21.1
4. Choose ” or ε so that loss magnitude response value ›Lω . Resistors are unchanged.
µ
falls within the range permitted by brick wall
6. Magnitude scale circuit to obtain desired load
specs.
resistances.
¯+¨.§ªpŠ« 4
° ± ° √10+.²p¢­ A 1
Ω«
o

†‡ †
° ”Œ °
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
„« „«
¯+¨.§ªp¢­ 4 ¯+¨.§ªpŠ« 4
o
†‡
5. Frequency scale the loss function by ” 
³ §/«

2nd Order Chebeyshev Filter

´”+
2 ƒ   ”
   ‹+   ”+
Adjust gain of circuit by using input attenuation.

Dot Convention: A current entering the dotted terminal

of one coil induces a positive voltage with respect to the
dot of the other coil.
V sL sI s–MsI s
V sL sI s–MsI s
Frequency scale by ”+ . Magnitude scale from given M
k °1
¯L L
component values. Commonly realized by Sallen and

Wt  Li t for inductors
Key circuit.

WtMi ti t from coupling

Series Equivalent Inductance Ideal Transformers

Magnetically Coupled Equivalent Circuits

Æ 
Å ›Æ ;   
 

  Å ; !  › 
Å

Finding Thévenin Equivalent Example

General Form:   Ç   Œ

Two useful equivalent circuits to the above circuit. (two

more in DeCarlo’s handout)

T-Equivalent

o       and   Å (ideal transformer)

o      Å
o   ;! A ;  ;!  Å;

o      Å;!  Å; 

o   È  ;Å É   Å;!

 ¼  ¼½ y
x ¼½  
7 8» ¾ 7 8
 ¼½  x¼  ¼½ y 

TT-Equivalent

1 1 1
Á  A Ä
   ‚  ‚  à 
7 8À ² 7 8
 À A 1 1

1 Ã 
¿ ‚  ‚   Â
Two Port Networks h-parameters
  3   3 
  3   3 

ʧ ʧ
3  Ë 3  Ë
§ Ê Ì+ ʄ  Ì+
„ §
„ „
3  Ë 3  Ê Ë
 § ʄ Ì+ „ § Ì+
y-parameters
  s   s  3 3
!  3 A
  s   s  3  
3 3
Í  3 A
s 
§
Ë s 
§
Ë 3  
ʧ Ê Ì+ ʄ Ê Ì+
 ! 
Î    
„ §
„ „
s  Ê Ë s  Ê Ë  !     !
ʄ Ì+ ʧ Ì+
 A3
§ „

Î   
s s  ! 3   
!  s A
s  
s s
Í  s A
t-parameters
s       A  
 !      A  
Î    
 !     !
 As Ê
  § Ë
Ê
  4§ Ë
Î   
 s  
Ê § „ Ì+ „ ʄ Ì+
§ §
  Ê Ë  
4„ Ê Ì+
Ë
„ „ Ì+ „
z-parameters
  B   B 
  B   B 

ʧ ʧ
B  Ë B  Ë
§  Ì+ „  Ì+
„ §
ʄ ʄ
B  Ë B  Ë
§  Ì+ „  Ì+
„ §

B B
!  B A
B  
B B
Í  B A
B  
 ! 
Î    
 !     !
  B
Î    ∙
   B !