Vectors Control

Vector Control
(Arthropods and Rodents Control)
BY: Mekonnen K (BSc, MPH)
12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 1

Definition of terms
• Vectors- are arthropods or other
invertebrates which transmit disease
causing microorganisms by biting or by
deposition of the agent in or on the skin or
on food/water.
• Vector control is a discipline which deals

with the control of organisms which
transport an infectious agent to a
susceptible host or a suitable vehicle.
Definition of terms cont…
• Mechanical vectors - are vectors that

transmit pathogenic microorganisms with
out undertaking any developmental change
inside the vectors’ body. The agent is
transported on the leg or mouth parts of the
vector, or passes through gastrointestinal
tract of the vector and is excreted or
regurgitated on to the host or vehicle.
Example- common housefly

Definition of terms cont…
• Biological vectors – are vectors that

transmit disease pathogens after the
multiplication or development of the
pathogens in the vectors’ gut or muscle.
Example- mosquitoes

Rodent
Rodents include rats, mice, squirrels and
porcupines.
They are distinguished by strong constantly
growing incisors and no canine teeth.
Rats destroy more than they eat and

contaminate food items. The reason why
they do such destruction is that they have
four incisor teeth, which keep growing
continuously throughout their lifetime.
Impacts of vectors on public health
Disease transmission:
 Yellow fever, filariasis, malaria by different
kind of mosquitoes;
 Relapsing fever and typhus fever by lice;
 Salmonellosis, rat-bite fever by rodents;
 Typhoid fever, dysentery by house flies and
cockroaches.
 Scabies by mites.
Flies, mosquitoes and lice are the most important
vectors in Ethiopia.
Impacts of vectors on public health cont…
 Food destruction/damage:
 rodents and insects
 Interference with human comfort:

 buzzing mosquitoes,
 biting of lice, bed bugs,
rodents and other insects.

Vector borne disease transmission
There are three types of vector-borne diseases
transmissions.
1. Mechanical disease transmission-is a
type of disease transmission in which the
vector is no more than a carrier that
transmit pathogens with out change either
in the number or form of the pathogens.
e.g. Trachoma by house flies
Vector borne disease transmission cont…
2. Biological disease transmission - in this

type of disease transmission, the vector is
an essential intermediate host for the
completion of the life cycle or the
development of the infective form of the
agent to man.
It is sub-divided into
2.1. Propagative- Only the number of
pathogens increases & the developmental
stage remains constant. The disease plague
& typhus are good examples.
2.2. Cyclo-developmental- only the developmental

stage (form) of the disease pathogen changes
(small to big, immature to matured stage) while
the number of the pathogenic organisms remain
constant.
e.g. Filariasis
2.3. Cyclo- propagative- This type of disease
transmission is a combination of both propagative
& cyclo-developmental where by the etiological
agent undertakes a change both in number &
developmental form (stage). e.g. malaria.
3. Trans-ovarian (Hereditary) disease

transmission is a type of disease
transmission where by the causative agent
is transmitted to the immature stage
(usually the egg) from the adult insects or
other arthropods who carry disease
pathogens & when the infected egg
completes its developmental stage, it
becomes infective or can transmit the
disease to man & other animal, example
tick borne relapsing fever.
Common control methods of vectors
The control program can be directed against
- Adults
- Larvae
Against adults
I. Residual house spraying
Spraying the walls of the houses and other parts
of the building with residual insecticides to
kill mosquitoes resting after feeding.
e.g. DDT spray
Common control methods of vectors cont…
II. Impregnated treated nets
Untreated nets are not always effective because of
holes. Impregnation of nets with insecticides
would kill mosquitoes when they are looking
for holes.
Every one use of impregnated bed nets in the
community will have a massive killing effect.
Meaning that the individuals not using bed nets
will be beneficial by others because of the
decrease in number of Anopheles mosquitoes
which are sporozoite positive.
III. Space spraying: fogs, mists and

smokes of insecticides emitted by
machine. It has no residual effect.
IV. Repellents in the form of oil, lotion,
cream, etc applied to the body.

Against larvae
I. Source reduction: the physical destruction or
removal of breeding sites; for example, by
draining swampy areas.
- For mosquitoes knowledge of their flight range is
important in destroying their breeding sites.
e.g. Flight range of Anopheles mosquito is estimated
to be 2km. In order to control malaria, destroy
Anopheles mosquito breeding sites 2km away
from the circumstance of the community.

II. Use of expanded polystyrene beads:

suffocating larvae with polystyrene beads.
It is also possible to use oil to suffocate
larvae of insects.

III. Larviciding
Application of Temphose/Abate/: it is an
organophosphate, which is safe in drinking
water.
 The most effective formulation in common
use is application of a 50% emulsifiable
concentrate at a rate of 2ml/l of water.
Use of fish for larva control
e.g. Gambusia affins in fresh water affairs
Poecilia reticulata in polluted water.
III. Bacterial larvicides: microbial agents

used for killing larvae. They are of two
types.
- Bacillus thuringensis israelensis (BTI)
- Bacillus sphaericus.
• They have wide range of activities
against larvae.
• They kill by causing larval lysis.
Disadvantage: expensive
Public health important vectors
House fly
• Life cycle: 4 stages of development: egg,
larvae, pupa, and adult.
• The total life cycle ranges 8-20 days.

• Fertilized females lay their eggs on a
variety of decomposing materials such as
manure(dung), food stuff, carcasses and
refuse.
House fly cont…
• Larvae feed on liquid food resulting from

decomposing and decaying organic
material.
• Adults feed on diverse types of food

stuff, faeces, garbage,...

House fly cont…
• Disease transmission mechanism:
mechanical – leg hairs, wings, vomitus,
deficating on food/water.
• Disease transmitted by house flies: filth

borne diseases (faeco-oral borne diseases)
such as typhoid fever, amoebiasis,
bacillary dysentery, helminthic diseases;
eye infections such as conjunctivitis,
trachoma.
House fly cont…
House fly control measures:

• Keeping environmental sanitation:
– Control of breeding of flies through
proper latrine provision; elimination of
unsanitary privies; and proper solid and
liquid waste disposal.
• Making food inaccessible: use covers and

wire mesh;

House fly cont…
• Mechanical and physical methods:

destruction or killing or avoiding by
physical means.
e.g. Use of nets and wire mesh, etc.
• Chemical use: insecticides spraying such as

malathion, chlordane.
• Installation of screens at all openings on

residence and food service establishments.

Black fly
• Life cycle: 4 stages of development: egg,

• Eggs are laid in flowing water. Habitats can
vary from small trickles of water to slow
flowing streams, lake outlets, fast flowing
large rivers and dams. Until pupal stage, they
live in water bodies.
• Both adult male and female black flies feed on
plant juice but only females take blood meal.
• Biting occurs out doors at day times.
Black fly cont…
Medical importance
• Create nuisance
• Are vectors for onchocerciasis (River
blindness) which is caused by filarial worm
Onchocerca volvulus.
- The second leading infectious cause of
blindness.
- Jimma, Bonga, Gore, Lekemte are
believed to be endemic in Ethiopia.
Black fly cont…
Three main symptoms (occur 1-3yrs after

initial infection with the agent) on the host:
Skin lesions (microfilaria in dermis)
Painless nodules
Eye lesions (blindness – associated
with dead microfilaria)
Transmission
Via the bite of infected black flies that
carry immature larval forms of the parasite
worms from human to human.
Black fly, ingested microfilaria during blood meal
Microfilaria develop in to infective larva in 6-10 days
Infective larvae (onchocerca larvae) enter in to the

human host through bite wound
The larvae enter into the host’s subcutaneous tissue and

slowly mature in to adult worms
Mating occurs inside the host and egg from the female
worm develops into microfilariae
- a female worm may develop 1000 microfilaraie per
day
When the microfilariae which migrate to the
subcutaneous tissue die, they cause skin rashes,
lesion, intense itching and skin depigmentation.
Microfilariae also migrate to the eye and cause
blindness.
Blindness caused by onchocerciasis

© Copyright 1997 OCP/APOC/WHO.
Maddening itching, depigmentation

(leopard skin), and thickened skin

Black fly cont…
Black fly control measures

• Breaking the cycle of transmission by eliminating
the black fly.
• Larvae can be destroyed by application of
selected insecticides (temphose, phoxin) through
aerial spraying of breeding sites in fast-flowing
rivers.
• Biological control – predatory fish
• Drug treatment - for killing microfilaria in

infected person.
Anopheles mosquitoes
Body structure: The body of a malaria mosquito is

divided in to head, thorax & abdomen.
• Life cycle: Mosquitoes have four distinct stages

in their life history.
Egg Larva Pupa Adult
The first three stages are present in water. Breeds

in clean fresh and stagnant water (lakes, swamps,
and pools) and needs blood meal for the
development of viable eggs.
Anopheles mosquitoes cont…
• The adult mosquito is a sensitive, fragile &

small insect. It is only the female mosquito
that bites, travels long distance & lives
longer.
• They are active during the night. During
the daytime, they hide in a cool, dry place
under vegetation, walls, pit latrines, and
bridges.
• They are attracted to sleeping hosts by the body
odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from
the person.
Medical importance
- Create nuisance (biting)
- Anopheles mosquitoes are vectors for diseases
called malaria & filariasis.
• Malaria is the most common life-threatening
infection.
– 1 million deaths/yr
– 300-500 million infections/yr
• ~90% of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan
Africa.
Situation in Ethiopia
* 75% of the land is malarias.
* Over 40 million people are at risk of malaria.
* Malaria is the top leading cause of death.
* > 400,000 microscopically confirmed cases/yr.
• There could be 4-5 million cases every year.
• Mosquito resistance to insecticides, parasites
resistance to drugs, changes in land use
patterns are some of the obstacles in the
control of malaria.

• The parasites that cause malaria belong to the

genus plasmodium. Four species of plasmodia that
cause malaria are p. falciparum, p.vivax, p.
malariae and P.ovale.
• Plasmodium falciparum is the main cause of

severe clinical malaria and death.
• Though these parasites are predominantly
transmitted from one person to another by bite of
female anopheline mosquito; they can also be
transmitted through blood transfusion,
contaminated syringes and needles and across the
placenta.
• When female Anopheles mosquito bites a

person with malaria, the parasites in the
blood cells will be taken into the
mosquito’s stomach.
• The parasites grow, multiply and move
into the mosquito’s salivary glands. The
sexual cycle of the parasite is completed in
the mosquito, and when it bites another
person, it injects the parasite (sporozoites)
into the blood vessel of its victim.
• Sporozoites are usually found in the

salivary glands after 9-12 days after
ingestion of blood meal.
• In humans, parasites multiply
exponentially in the liver and then in
infected red blood cells.
• Symptoms may include fever, shaking

chills, sweats, headache, muscular aches
and weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, cough.
Malaria control
1) Environmental management
• Elimination or control of breeding places by
draining swamps and marshes; ditching with
enough steep slope; filling low areas;
vegetation clearing.
• Larviciding: oil (kerosene, used oil) spraying
and spreading in their breeding sites.
• Elimination or draining of man made small
water containers (tyres, barrels, etc);
• Sustaining environmental management can be

achieved if there is political commitment;
government commitment; active and planned
community participation; proper need
assessment and planning with the community;
health education; back up with monitoring &
evaluation feed back; inter-sectoral
coordination and roles of various agencies
(health bureau, community organization,
political leaders) etc.

2. Residual house spraying: in the absence of

resistance, DDT is the best insecticide. In highly
endemic areas, houses need to be sprayed at six
months interval and where malaria transmission
is seasonal a single spraying per year may be
sufficient to give a good control.
If mosquitoes are resistant to DDT, then organo-
phosphate insecticides such as malathion and
fenitrothion can be used, but they are less
persistent and spraying may have to be repeated
at three month intervals. They are also more
expensive than DDT.
3) Biological control: involves in the

suppression of pest population by natural
enemies. Certain species of bacillus
bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis
israeliensis, BTI) and Gambusia affins
fish are natural enemies of mosquitoes by
feeding on their larvae.

4) Protection against mosquito bites: use of

screens (wire and plastic mesh),
pyrethroid impregnated bed nets, fast
acting insecticides spraying (pyrethrum),
applying repellents (indalone, diethyl
toluamide) on the skin, clothing (wearing
long sleeves, head nets, gloves, knee-
length boots);
5) Case treatment
Sand fly
• Life cycle : 4 stages of development: egg,
• Female phlebotomine sand fly feeds on
blood.
• Females deposit their eggs in humid place
on damp soil rich in humus. The larvae
feed on decaying organic matter.

Sand fly cont…
• Biting occurs during night, but it can also

occur during the day in darkened rooms, or
in forests during overcast days.
• During the day, adult sand flies rest in
sheltered, dark and humid sites but only
dry surfaces such as tree trunks, on ground
litter, animal burrows, tree holes, caves,
inside human and animal habitations.
• Life cycle lasts from 1-4 months.

Sand fly cont…
Public health importance of sand flies

 Create nuisance
 Leishmaniasis transmission
-Caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania.
-It occurs in the forms of cutaneous,
mucocutaneous, visceral and diffuse cutaneous
leishmaniasis.
-The symptoms range from simple self healing
skin ulcers to severe, life threatening diseases.
-The disease is found in Gondar, Jimma, Tigrai,
Diredawa, Nekemte, Arbaminch, Dessie.
Sand fly cont…
Prevention and control of leishmaniasis

- Insecticides spraying- (residual house spray)
- Using repellents such as trimethyl pentandiol
- Forest clearance, bush around houses about
300- 400m in width
- Destroying rodent burrows. Rodents are also
reservoirs.
- Garbage clearance and house improvement (by
cementing and plastering)
- Dogs are reservoirs for many species of
leishmania. Controlling by dog killing or
treatment.
Louse
• Lice are small blood sucking insects that live on
the skin of mammals and birds.
• Three species of lice have adapted themselves to

humans:-
- Body louse: Pediculus corporis
- Head louse: Pediculus capitis
- Pubic louse: Phthirus pubis
They are most common in cold areas where people

live in poor, crowded conditions especially in
some high land areas of Africa, Asia and Latin
America.
Louse cont…
Medical importance
1. Create nuisance: lice feed several times a day
and heavy infestations can cause intense
irritation and severe itching.
2. Diseases transmission
2.1. Louse-borne typhus fever
This disease is caused by a micro-organism
Rickettsia prowazeki, and is an acute, highly
infectious disease with headache, chills and
general pains as symptoms. It may be fatal in
10-40% of untreated cases.
Louse cont…
• Transmission: the rickettsia are passed out

with feces of the louse and man becomes
infected when these are rubbed or
scratched into abrasions.
• Prevention and control: infection can be

prevented by controlling the body lice.
e.g. By changing and washing clothings
with hot water boiled greater than 600c if
possible followed by ironing.
Louse cont…
• Epidemic outbreaks are controlled by the

application of residual insecticide to the
clothing of all persons in affected areas.
e.g. 10% of DDT dust mixed with an inert
carrier such as talcum powder can be
blown between the body and under cloths.
• It is dangerous to handle the clothing or
bedding of patients with typhus because
Rickettsia prowazeki can remain alive for
more than a month in dried louse feces.
Louse cont…
2.2. Louse-borne relapsing fever

A micro-organism, Borrelia recurrentis,
causes this disease.
Usually about 2-10% of untreated
persons die, but the mortality rate may
be as high as 50% during epidemics.

Louse cont…
Transmission: crushing infected body lice

between fingernails or the teeth infects
humans. The disease organisms are thus
released and can enter the body through
abrasions, wounds or the mucous
membranes of the mouth.
Prevention and control: as described for
typhus fever.

Louse cont…
General control measures for lice

The most obvious way to eradicate body
lice from a person is by changing and
washing the clothing preferably followed
by ironing if possible. However, such
measures may be impractical and
immediate reinfestation may occur.

Louse cont…
Hence insecticides are usually used for

louse control. For instance, application
of malathion or carbaryl which will kill
all stages including egg.
Regular washing with soap and combing

may reduce the number of nymphs and
adults on the hair. Alternatively all hair
can be shaved from the head. Insecticide
formulations for head louse include dusts,
emulsions and lotions.
Louse cont…
For pubic louse original control involves

shaving pubic hairs from the body, but this
method has been replaced by the
application of insecticidal emulsions of
lotions as used for head lice control.
Generally, during epidemic all members of

the house/community should be treated.

Cockroaches
• They are omnivorous and voracious
feeders of any of man’s food.
• They also consume hairs, leather,
excreta, sputum, dead and crippled
cockroach, finger and toenails of
babies and sleeping or sick persons.
• They deposit their excreta on
anything including food.
C o ck ro ach co n t…
Public health importance

a. Nuisance
- They spread filth and ruin food
fabrics.
- They discharge a nauseous secretion
both from their mouth and glands,
which give offensive long-lasting
cockroach smell.

C o ck ro ach co n t…
b. Disease transmission
- Because they feed on human faeces as
well as human food, they can spread
disease causing organisms. They are
proven or suspected carriers of the
organisms causing diarrhea, dysentery,
cholera, typhoid fever, viral diseases
such as poliomyelitis.

Cockroach cont…
Control measures
Cleanliness and hygiene: food should be
stored in tightly covered containers, in
screened cabinets or refrigerators. All areas
have to be kept clean so that no fragments
of food or organic matter remain. Rubbish
bins should be securely covered, emptied
frequently.

Cockroach cont…
Chemical control: cockroaches are difficult

to control for several reasons, one of which
is that they may become resistant to
commonly used compounds. Moreover,
many insecticides are repellent to them and
are, therefore, avoided.

Cockroach cont…
• Chemical control gives only temporary

relief and whenever possible it should be
accompanied by environmental sanitation
and house improvement.
• Insecticidal spraying or dusting of

selected sites such as cupboard,
wardrobes, kitchen furniture, underneath
sinks and refrigerators is recommended.

Cockroach cont…
• Most organophosphates and carbamatic

insecticides can be added to baits which
are eaten by cockroaches and so cause
their death.
• Heavy infestations of cockroach can be
dealt with by chemical control measures
followed by environmental management
to deprive the insects of food and shelter.
Low numbers can be effectively controlled
by baits or traps.
Fleas
• Both adult male and female fleas take blood

meals.
• Fleas breed close to the resting and sleeping
places of the host, in dust, dirt, rubbish, cracks in
floors or walls, carpets, animal burrows and bird
nests.
• The larvae feed on organic matter such as the
feaces of the host, small dead insects and
undigested blood expelled by adult fleas.
• The most medically important fleas are rat flea,
human flea, dog flea, cat flea and sand/jigger flea.
Flea cont…

a. Nuisance: flea bites cause irritation
and sometimes extreme discomfort.
Heavy infestations may cause
allergic reaction and dermatitis. In
addition to these, female jigger fleas
become nuisance by burrowing into
the skin and may cause secondary
infection.
Flea cont…
b. Disease transmission:
- Plague: It is caused by the bacteria
Yersinia pestis.
The most important form of plague is
urban plague. It may occur when rats
living in and around human dwellings are
infected. Rat fleas that normally feed on
rats may occasionally feed on humans and
thus spread the disease to them.

Flea cont…
When rodents infected with plague

die, the fleas leave their hosts and are
then likely to attack and infect
people. Other fleas such as human
fleas may subsequently transmit the
disease from person to person.

Flea cont…
- Flea-borne typhus (murine typhus

fever): is caused by Rickettesia typhi
which is ingested by the flea with its
blood meal. Infection is acquired by
infected fleas being rubbed or
crushed into abrasions.
- Tape worm: tape worm of dogs and

cats can be transmitted by fleas to
both rodents and man.
Flea cont…
Control of fleas
 Clean household: carpets and rugs are prime
source of eggs, larvae and organic materials on
which larvae feeds. Keeping clean house is
useful in conjunction with other methods.
Treating domestic animals:
- using flea collar for dog or cat
- dripping pets with 20% dichlorvos, propoxur
10%
Rat control
Flea cont…
Insecticides spraying of houses and around

houses where the pet lays: for more general
control of fleas 5-10% DDT or 0.5%
dieldrin can be liberally applied to floor of
houses, run ways of rodents.
Incase of resistance, organophosphate or
carbamate insecticides can be used.
Example- malathion 2-5% and propoxur
1%.
Bed bugs
Both sexes of bed bugs feed on mammal’s blood;
particularly man, but may survive for a long
time with out food.
- Biting nuisance (intense itching, sleepless
nights)
- These pests have not yet been proven to be
important bearers of disease organisms.
However, their habit of feeding together with
the isolation of pathogens in their body in the
laboratory makes them risky vectors.
Bed bugs…
Control measures
• Insecticide application like carbonyl,
propoxur
• House & compound sanitation (furniture
cleanliness, eradicating cracks and
crevices in walls)
• Washing clothings with hot water & sun
light exposure

Ticks
• Both sexes feed on blood.
1. Nuisance – discomfort, irritation and
inflammation when they puncture the skin and
suck blood.
2. Disease transmission
- Tick borne relapsing fever
- Tick borne rickettsial infection
- Tick paralysis – paralysis due to injection of toxin
from saliva of hard ticks characterized by
elevation of temperature up to 40oc and difficulty
of swallowing andBY :respiration
12/14/2023 Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 72
Ticks cont…
- Tick borne viral encephalitides- biting of

hard ticks transfers viral diseases which
cause acute inflammation of the brain,
spinal cord and meninges.
Prevention and control

• Use of repellents to prevent ticks from
attaching to the body
• Animal care
• Insecticide application
Rodent control cont…
In order to keep them short and fit, they

have to gnaw any material in their access.
If they do not do this, their incisors would
grow through their lips, exposing them to
the risk of death. As a result, they are the
most destructive animals which cause
great economic damage.

Major problems of rodents

a. Food destruction by physical damage or soiling
and defecating on food substance.
b. Disease transmission
 Salmonellosis:-the main route of transmission
for this disease is by eating rat excreta and
urine with contaminated food.
 Plague:- rodents especially rats are the natural
hosts of the infectious agent. Transmission to
human beings takes place when the infected
flea bites and sucks blood of humans.
 Flea-borne typhus:- it is transmitted from rats

to rats and from rats to man by the bite of a
rat flea. The disease causing organism
(rickettsia) can also enter the human body
from the excreta of the infected flea through
the bite site and other fresh skin wounds.
 Rat bite fever:- the bacteria that cause this

disease are found on the teeth and gums of
the rats and are transmitted from rat to man
by the bite of rats.
 Leishmaniasis
Rodent control measures

i. Sanitation and environmental control
measures
- Proper storage and collection and disposal
of solid waste particularly garbage.
- Blocking or sealing off all openings of
both inside and outside of houses, roofs,
inner walls, doors, windows, etc.
- Elimination of rat harborage areas or sites,
for example, by sealing open rodent holes.
ii. Killing using rat traps
iii. Using natural enemies such as domestic

cats for rat control
iv. Rodenticides
Reference: Vector and rodents control for

environmental health science students by
Aymere Awoke and Laikemariam Kassa.
Determinant of Health
The END !!!

Vectors Control

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Vectors Control

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Vector Control

(Arthropods and Rodents Control)

BY: Mekonnen K (BSc, MPH)

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 1

• Vector control is a discipline which deals

• Mechanical vectors - are vectors that

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 3

• Biological vectors – are vectors that

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 4

Rats destroy more than they eat and

 Interference with human comfort:

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 7

2. Biological disease transmission - in this

2.2. Cyclo-developmental- only the developmental

3. Trans-ovarian (Hereditary) disease

III. Space spraying: fogs, mists and

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 14

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 15

II. Use of expanded polystyrene beads:

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 16

III. Bacterial larvicides: microbial agents

• The total life cycle ranges 8-20 days.

• Larvae feed on liquid food resulting from

• Adults feed on diverse types of food

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 20

• Disease transmitted by house flies: filth

House fly control measures:

• Making food inaccessible: use covers and

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 22

• Mechanical and physical methods:

• Chemical use: insecticides spraying such as

• Installation of screens at all openings on

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 23

• Life cycle: 4 stages of development: egg,

Three main symptoms (occur 1-3yrs after

Microfilaria develop in to infective larva in 6-10 days

Infective larvae (onchocerca larvae) enter in to the

The larvae enter into the host’s subcutaneous tissue and

Blindness caused by onchocerciasis

Maddening itching, depigmentation

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 29

Black fly control measures

• Biological control – predatory fish

• Drug treatment - for killing microfilaria in

Body structure: The body of a malaria mosquito is

• Life cycle: Mosquitoes have four distinct stages

The first three stages are present in water. Breeds

• The adult mosquito is a sensitive, fragile &

12/14/2023 BY : Mekonnen K.(BSC,MPH) 34

• The parasites that cause malaria belong to the

• Plasmodium falciparum is the main cause of

• When female Anopheles mosquito bites a

• Sporozoites are usually found in the

• Symptoms may include fever, shaking

• Sustaining environmental management can be

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2. Residual house spraying: in the absence of

3) Biological control: involves in the

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4) Protection against mosquito bites: use of

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• Biting occurs during night, but it can also

• Life cycle lasts from 1-4 months.