CONCEPT OF CRIME PREVENTION

PLTCOL GIDEON T INES JR

AC, DIDMD-EPD
FUNCTIONS OF DIDMD
• Direct and supervise the investigation of crimes and other offenses in violation of the laws of the
Philippines;
• Supervise and monitor investigation of complaints pertaining to police matters and cases referred
by other government/private agencies, organizations and/or individual persons;
• Conduct studies, researches and formulate plans and policies to enhance the investigation
capabilities of the PNP to promote effectively and efficiently;
• Maintain close supervisory direction of PNP crime laboratories and other investigative support
units;
• Supervise the National Crime Information System in coordination with the ITMS and the
Directorate for Intelligence;
• Maintain, collect and process Crime Statistics for ready reference;
• Maintain active liaising with foreign counterparts on matters of mutual interest;
• Propose and support enactment of laws for the successful investigation and prosecution of crimes;
and
• Perform such other functions as may be directed by the Chief, PNP.
DIDMD STRATEGIC INITIATIVES
• The e-Complainant Engagement Survey
• QASVC
• Case Management Program
• Policy Development
• System Development and Enhancement
CIRAS

All crime incidents that are reported to the police stations are stored electronically in a
database. The system does not only facilitate crime documentation and data storage but
also presents quick, fast and reliable transmission of crime information from a particular
police station to the National Headquarters at Camp Crame, Quezon City. CIRAS can be
interfaced with Geographic Information System (GIS) to evolve into a Qualitative Crime
Analysis Management Tool.

To serve as a scientific management tool for efficient and effective prescription of police
intervention. The system shall hasten the process of transmitting, updating, and retrieving
of records as well as generating statistical reports down to the municipal police level.
Total Crime Volume

Pertains to the number of crime incidents committed in a given area over a period of time that are
reported and recorded in the police blotter. It does not include crime incidents that are reported to
the barangays and other OLEAs.

Replaced with the term Total Crime Incidents under the new circular.

CV = Index Crimes + Non-Index Crimes

Peace and Order Indicator

Average Monthly Crime Rate

The number of crimes that are committed during a period of time in a particular
place.
Formula:
Total Crime Volume x 100, 000
Total Population
 Crime Solution Efficiency
Is the percentage of solved cases out of the total number of crime incidents
CSE = Solved Cases X 100%
Crime Volume

Crime solved
1. When the offender has been identified;
2. There is sufficient evidence to charge him;
3. The offender has been taken into custody; and
4. The offender has been charged before the prosecutor’s office od court of
jurisdiction
 Crime Clearance Efficiency
Is the percentage of cleared cases out of the total number of crime incidents

CSE = Cleared Cases X 100%

Crime Volume

Crime cleared
1. There is sufficient evidence to charge him;
2. The offender has been charged before the prosecutor’s office od court of
jurisdiction
Index Crimes (MC 2018-050)

Refers to the CONSUMMATED seven (7) focus crimes and eight (8) special complex crimes as defined by the
Revised Penal Code.
1. Murder
2. Homicide
3. Physical Injuries (including less and serious physical injury)
4. Rape
5. Robbery
6. Carnapping of Motor Vehicles
four wheeled (or up) vehicle and two wheeled
Motorcycle (2-3 wheeled)
7. Theft
8. Eight (8) Special Complex Crime (composite crimes)
It is important to note that Frustrated Murder and Homicide were removed under the category of
physical injury, Further, Cattle Rustling was omitted as one of the INDEX CRIMES.
Recording of Crime Incidents

Special Complex Crime, is one composed of two or more crimes, but is specifically defined, treated and
punished under the Revised Penal Code (RPC) as a single indivisible offense.
1.The same shall be recorded as follows:
1) Rape with Homicide
2) Kidnapping with Homicide
3) Kidnapping with Rape
4) Robbery with Homicide
5) Robbery with Serious Physical Injury
6) Robbery with Rape
7) Robbery with Arson
8) Arson with Homicide
Recording of Crime Incidents

Multiple Crimes, the number of crimes to be recorded shall be based on the separate and distinct crimes
committed and several victims offended.
Example: “A”, robbed a convenience store. In order to facilitate his escape, he carnapped a car at the
parking lot. While being chased by a mobile car, he ran over a crossing pedestrian who died on the spot. The next
day, “A” was cornered by the police in an abandoned warehouse thus, held hostage an elderly woman inside. As
such, he committed the following crimes: robbery, reckless imprudence resulting in homicide, carnapping and
serious illegal detention.
Rape, It shall be recorded based on how many times the rape was committed against the victim regardless of the
number of the perpetrator/s.
Recording of Crime Incidents

Continuing Crime, The incident should be recorded as a single crime by the Police Unit with the
territorial jurisdiction that first took cognizance of the crime.
Example: Robbery of a Bus – A robbery incident transpired inside a bus while traversing
Mandaluyong, San Juan and Quezon City. As a continuing crime, the said robbery incident shall be
recorded by the Police Unit with the territorial jurisdiction which first took cognizance of the case. If
by any cause the Quezon City Police first took cognizance of the crime, then the same shall acquire
jurisdiction and record the incident.
Recording of Crime Incidents

In case an act violates more than one law, all the laws violated shall be recorded
Example: Jorgia is a pick-pocket. As a punishment for the several thefts committed by Jorgia, she was beaten
heavily by Van, a law enforcer. Jorgia was hospitalized for 3 months because of the beating she suffered. As a
result, Van violated Article 263 of the RPC (Serious Physical Injuries) and the Anti-Torture Law. Thus, Physical
Injury and violation of the Anti-Torture law will be recorded.
Recording of Crime Incidents

Other Quasi-Offenses Reckless Imprudence other than vehicular traffic incidents shall
be recorded in the CIRAS and categorized under Public Safety Indicator.
Recording of Crime Incidents

Service of Warrants, should not be counted as crime but instead an update of that specific case and
the same shall be reflected in the CIDMS and e-Wanted Person Information System (e-WPIS/e-
Warrant). By updating the status of the arrested suspect, the subject crime of the warrant of arrest will
be updated/counted as solved.
Recording of Crime Incidents

In an operation wherein government troops/personnel were killed in action (KIA) by enemy

forces, a Homicide or Murder case could be counted against the identified perpetrators depending on
the result of the investigation. If an enemy force attacked police/military or government troops and the
member of the latter was/were killed, a murder case shall be counted against them. Further if the
suspect died during an armed encounter, it shall be recorded but not be counted in the CIRAS on the
ground of the presumption of regularity in the performance of duty.
 Recording of Crime Incidents

Incidents initially reported to the police station but referable and within the jurisdiction of the
Katarungang Pambarangay for conciliation and arbitration shall not be recorded in the CIRAS.
However, if the parties failed to settle at the barangay and were referred back to the Police with a
Certificate to File Action, the Police Station shall then take cognizance of the case and include it in the
CIRAS of the station
 Recording of Crime Incidents

Other Law Enforcement Agencies

a) Arrests made by police officers for violation of Special Laws being enforced also by OLEA (e.g.
environmental laws, fisheries laws and others) shall be recorded in the CIRAS.
b) Cases referred to OLEAs which did not entail any police intervention shall NOT be encoded in the
CIRAS.
 Recording of Crime Incidents

Cases involving Women and Children

a) Violations of RA No. 9262 (Violence Against Women and their Children), RA No.7610 (Anti-Child
Abuse Law), RA No. 9208, as amended by RA No. 10364 (Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act), RA No.
9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act), as amended by RA No. 10360 (Violence Against Children),
and Gender-Based Violence (GBV),although treated with utmost confidentiality as provided by law,
shall be included in the recording into the CIRAS using WCPC account and categorized as Non-Index
Crimes.
b) Incidents initially reported to the police station but were referred to DSWD for diversion program as
required by law, taking cognizance of its nature and peculiarity shall be retained in the records of the
police and included in the CIRAS of the investigating unit. The crime committed by the child/minor
shall be recorded in the CIRAS through the WCPC account even if the child was referred to DSWD
for diversion program.
Recording of Crime Incidents

c.) WCPD cases involving Violence Against Women and their Children (VAWC), Children in Conflict with
the Law (CICL) and other cases where the law requires non- disclosure of information shall be recorded
into the PINK BLOTTER. The unauthorized disclosure shall be a violation of RA 9344. For CICL cases
which were initially taken cognizance by the police but were later referred to other government agencies
for counselling diversion program as required by law, shall be retained in the records of the police and
included in the crime volume integrated into the CIRAS.
 Recording of Crime Incidents

Traffic Violations and Traffic Incidents

a) All traffic violations under the Land Transportation and Traffic Code (RA No. 4136) and other Special
Laws shall be recorded in the CIRAS.
b) Vehicular Incident shall be recorded in CIRAS regardless of the resulting consequences and outcome
(death, injury or damage to property like Reckless Imprudence resulting in Homicide, Reckless
Imprudence resulting in Physical Injury and Reckless Imprudence resulting in Damage to Property). If
the incident resulted in multiple victims, crime shall be counted as one, based on the resulting effect,
example Reckless Imprudence resulting in Multiple Physical Injury.
c) Traffic cases in violation of provincial, city, or municipal ordinances shall not be recorded in the
CIRAS.
 CIMAS

a LAN-based system designed to establish a central database system of pertinent information of all cases handled
and investigated of the Philippine National Police (PNP). It aims to efficiently record and monitor case
information, case status, evidences, evidence custodians, and PNP personnel who handled the cases as well as to
provide statistical reports and case information needed by the higher management.
 Wanted Persons Information Systems (WPIS) or “e-Warrant”

This is a system where all warrants of arrest will be electronically documented so that they can be accessed
through the internet by all police stations nationwide. This is a necessary investigative tool available to authorized
police personnel to query on the status of a certain person. It will also serve as an account for the status of all
wanted persons nationwide.
 e-Rogues System

The electronic Rogues Gallery or e-Rogues System of wanted persons will provide an access to the data of
criminals, including pictures that can be utilized by authorized personnel in every police station in the country.
Through the PNP e-Rogues Gallery System, the records of an individual or a suspect wanted for a crime in one
locality can be instantly accessed by a police station in another locality with just a click of their fingers at the
system.
 e-Subpoena System

this system is a PNP monitoring process of its personnel involved as witnesses on criminal cases as well as a
feedback mechanism to the courts. It shall render analysis of various reports pertaining to compliances,
postponement of hearings, non-attendance of court duties and other relative matters pertaining to court proceedings
to be attended by the PNP.
Core Competency-Based Training Program

Core Competency-Based Training Program contains different investigative trainings for investigators and would-
be investigators to equip them with knowledge and skills necessary to perform their jobs properly.
IOBC
CIC
PDC
CSFRW
NUPIDMOC
WCPDSC
IOMC
CSIROC
Criminal Investigation Course on Environmental Law Enforcement
Disciplinary Mechanism

Pre-charge evaluation under NAPOLCOM MC No. 2016-002 and preliminary investigation under RRACS are
processed, the objective of this is to determine the existence of probable cause/ prima facie evidence based on the
allegations on the complaint and evidence submitted.
KEY PLAYERS IN INVESTIGATION
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Definition of Terms
A.Alleged – connotes something claimed
B.Case Manager – over-all supervisor of the case
C.Contamination – unclear or impure state
D.Cordon – a line of police officers
E.Crime Scene – a venue or place of incident
F.Dying Declaration – last word of a dying person
G.First Responder – first to respond to calls for
assistance
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Definition of Terms
H. Investigator-on-Case – person in charge on
investigation of a case

I. Suspect(s) – pointed to have committed the crime

J. SOCO – specialist of the Crime Laboratory Group

K. Venue – place where the suit may be filed/had

L. Evidence – the means sanctioned by the Rules of

Court
Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

How IMPORTANT
teamwork is to you?
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

The Criminal Investigation Team

a. First Responder
b. Investigator-on-Case
c. SOCO
d. Case Manager
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

The Criminal Investigation Team

Investigator
on Case

First
Responder

Crime
 Solid lines
Scene Case
refer to
owners of the Manager
processes

 Broken lines SOCO

refer to
supporting
owners of the Crime Universe
processes

33
Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

How important are the roles of

each team members into the
process of criminal
investigation?
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

First Responder
1. The first Police
First
Responder
Officers to arrive
at the crime scene
Crime are the FRs who
Scene
were dispatched
by the local police
SOCO
station/ unit
concerned after
Crime Universe receipt of
incident/flash/
alarm report;
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

First Responder
2. The FR shall conduct a preliminary evaluation of the
crime scene.

3. The FR is mandated to save and preserve life.

4. The FR shall take the dying declaration of severely

injured person/s, if any;

5. The FR shall make the initial assessment on whether a

crime has actually been committed;
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

First Responder
6. If a suspect present in the area, the FR shall arrest,
detain and remove the suspect from the area;

7. The FR, upon the arrival of the IOC, shall turnover

the crime scene to the duty investigator/IOC after
the former has briefed the investigator of the
situation; and

8. The FR shall stay in the crime scene to assist the

IOC in the maintenance of security, crowd control,
preservation of evidence and custody of
witness/suspect.
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Investigator-on-Case
Investigator
on Case

1. Upon arrival at
the crime scene, Crime
the IOC shall Scene
request for a
briefing from the
FR and make a
quick assessment
Crime Universe
of the crime;
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Investigator-on-Case
2. The IOC shall assume full responsibility over the crime
scene;

3. The IOC determines if a SOCO team is required;

4. The IOC may by himself conduct CSI if, there is no

Provincial Crime Laboratory Office/Regional Crime
Laboratory Office in the province.
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Investigator-on-Case
5. The Police Station Operation Center, shall make the
request for the SOCO team;

6. It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City

Operations Center to facilitate the request for the
SOCO Team;

7. Upon the arrival of the SOCO Team, the IOC shall

accomplish CSI Form “2” and submit the same to the
SOCO Team Leader.

8. The IOC shall brief the SOCO Team upon their arrival at
the crime scene.
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Scenes of the Crime Operation

1. The SOCO
Team shall not join
any operations
conducted by the
local police or
Crime
accompany the
Scene FRs or the IOC in
going to the crime
scene.
SOCO

Crime Universe
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Scenes of the Crime Operation

2. Upon receipt of the Request for Conduct of SOCO, the
SOCO Team shall conduct the scene of the crime
operations;

3. In case the SOCO Team needs to temporarily suspend

the processing, the Chief of Police shall be primarily
responsible and accountable for securing the crime
scene;
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Scenes of the Crime Operation

4. The SOCO Team Leader shall brief the IOC on the
initial results and conduct the final crime scene
survey together with the IOC; and

5. The SOCO Team shall accomplish the CSI Form “4” -

and furnish the IOC of copies of the same before
leaving the crime scene.
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

The Case Manager

Crime
Scene Case
Manager

Crime Universe
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

The Case Manager

1. Manage and coordinate with all the members of
the investigating team on the case;
2. Evaluate the evidences gathered and coordinate
with the IOC and other actors in the investigation
of the crime scene;
3. Establish and prepare the case management
system; and
4. Plan and manage follow up activities for criminal
cases.
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

IV. Release of the Crime Scene

The IOC shall decide on the lifting of the

security cordon and the release of the crime scene
upon consultation with the SOCO Team Leader;

The IOC shall accomplish the CSI Form 6 (IOC/

Investigator’s CSI Form) before the cordon shall be
lifted;
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

IV. Release of the Crime Scene

The IOC shall ensure that the appropriate

inventory has been provided by the SOCO Team;

The IOC or the COP shall turn-over the crime

scene to the owner of the property CSI Form “5” –
(Release of the Crime Scene Form);
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

IV. Release of the Crime Scene

The IOC shall accomplish and submit the

Investigator’s Report with all the required
attachments to the COP; and

The CSI Report shall be the first entry in the

Case Folder for the investigation of the incident.

48
Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

What is the importance of

maintaining and observing the
protocols for chain of custody?
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

V. Importance of Chain
of Custody

A secure chain of custody, combined with

the use of proper analytical methods and
techniques, is necessary for a legally defensible
reporting of the sample.
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Purpose of Chain of Custody

 In litigation, investigating unit or agencies must be able
to prove the legal integrity of all samples and data
introduced as evidence.

 To establish an accurate written record to track the

possession, handling, and location of samples and data
from collection through reporting.
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

Purpose of Chain of Custody

 Efficiency in verifying the identity of the person
responsible for or who has possessed the samples and
data and where the samples have been
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

General Guidelines in Handling

Chain of Custody

1. Keep the number of people involved in collecting

and handling samples and data to a minimum.

2. Only allow people associated with the

investigation to handle samples and data.

3. Always document the transfer of samples and

data from one person to another on chain-of-
custody forms
 Lesson 7.2 Key Players in Criminal Investigation

General Guidelines in Handling

Chain of Custody

4. Always accompany samples and data with their

chain-of-custody forms.

5. Give samples and data positive identification at all

times that is legible and written with permanent ink.
Fundamentals in Criminal Investigation
Definition of Criminal
Investigation

Criminal Investigation - it is the collection of

facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims :
• to identify the guilty party;
• to locate the guilty party; and
• to provide evidence of his (suspect) guilt.
The Anatomy of Crime

OP
T
EN

PO
M

RT
RU

UN
ST

IT
IN

Y
MOTIVE
• The Motive refers to the reason or cause why a person
or group of persons will perpetrate a crime.

• The Instrumentality is the means or implement

used in the commission of the crime.

• The Opportunity consists of the acts of omission and/or

commission by a person (the victim) which enables another
person or group of persons (the criminal/s) to perpetrate the
crime.
Four (4) reasons why crime should
be investigated
1. Future deterrence of offenders

2. Deterrence to others

3. Community safety

4. Protection of the innocent

Two (2) Types of Criminal Investigation

1. Investigation while the suspect is under

arrest and detention; and

2. Investigation while the suspect is “at

large” (Meaning- not under arrest and
detention, as distinguished from: - “
fugitive from justice”)
Police Operation distinguished from Police Investigation

• Police Operation is a lawful clandestine

intelligence and detective networking to gather
information and evidences to determine with
certainty the commission of a crime, the identity
of the perpetrators thereof, and as may be
necessary, to arrest the culprits under those
instances as authorized by law.
Police Operation distinguished from
Police Investigation

• The action of initiating a meticulous inquiry to a

formal complaint filed by the private aggrieved
party or public complainant after the fact of the
incident, but no arrest can be legally effected
against the suspect as the circumstances
attendant thereto are not those specifically
allowed by law, is what is called POLICE
INVESTIGATION
Phases of Investigations

Phase I - identify the suspect/s through

• Confession

• Eyewitness testimony

• Circumstantial evidence

• Associate evidence
Phases of Investigations

Phase II - locate and apprehend suspect/s

• Surveillance

• Undercover Assignments

• Informants
Phase III - gather and provide evidence to establish the guilt of
the accused

• The fact of the existence of the crime must be established

• The accused must be identified and associated with the crime
scene

• Competent and credible witnesses must be available

• Physical evidence must be appropriately identified

Tools of an Investigator

1. Information – Data gathered by an

investigator from other persons including the
victim himself and from:

• Public records
• Private records
• Modus Operandi file
Tools of an Investigator

2. Interview – Skillful questioning of witnesses

and suspects.

3. Instrumentation – Scientific examination of

real evidence, application of instrument and
methods of the physical sciences in detecting
crime.
 Investigator’s Notebook

Purpose:
• For future recall
• Many of the details associated with the investigation, while
not essential to report might become points of interest to
the court when brought to trial

• To record relevant details of the case

• The court allows the investigators to consult
with their notes
Investigator’s Notebook

Recording note:

• Data should be recorded in a complete, accurate

and legible fashion

• Must be written in ink

• The top of each page should in the notebook should

bear investigator’s name, date and number
Qualities of an effective investigator

• Intellectual characteristics – Investigator

must know and understand the elements of
crime and be able to apply investigative
techniques and to work with many different types
of people.
Qualities of an effective investigator

• Psychological characteristics - Effective

investigators are emotionally well balance, detached,
inquisitive, suspecting, discerning, self-disciplined and
persevering.

• Physical characteristics - Effective investigators

are physically fit and have a good vision and hearing.
Functions of the Investigator

• Provide emergency assistance

If an injured person is on the scene, arrange for
medical attention, identification and removal

• Secure the crime scene

Ensure its protection by using other policemen or
other responsible persons to keep witnesses,
suspects and victim(s) who are present from
disturbing the scene
 Functions of the Investigator

• Photograph, videotape and sketch

Supply the maximum information and to understand how the
crime was committed
 to visualize objects and scenes pertinent to the case

• Take notes
 Notes become permanent records in the case and have the
inherent integrity of records prepared in the performance of
official duties
Functions of the Investigator
• Search for, obtain and process physical
evidence
Collect physical evidence with adequate sampling
considering the quantity available at the crime scene
and the amount needed for the laboratory test

• Taking of Sworn Statements of Suspects

The execution of a suspect’s “Waiver” as stipulated
in Art 125 of the RPC shall always be done in the
presence of his chosen counsel or any independent
counsel.
Functions of the Investigator

• Sworn Statement/s of the Witnesses

Sworn Statement of Affidavit of complainant/s and
witnesses must be taken immediately by the
investigator

Affidavit of arrest of arresting officer must be taken

immediately not later than 24 hours

 In inquest cases, the investigator and the arresting

officer/s shall observe Art.125 of the Revised Penal
Code
Functions of the Investigator

• Preparation of Reports and Filing of Charges

Spot Report within 24 hrs to Higher Headquarters

 Progress Report

 After Operation Report

Investigation Report

 Final report after the case is filed before the

Prosecutor’s office or court

 Accomplishment Report.
Functions of the Investigator

• Follow-up of Case
Conduct police operation to identify and
apprehend suspect/s based on the results of the
initial investigation conducted.

• Testify in court
 Ensure attendance during court hearings