Parasympathetic Nervous system

Effect of PS on the body .

By Amit Kumar Gupta
Enroll no. GN6709
What is How does it Effect on
PSNS ? works ? vital
organs .

Parasympathetic Nervous System…

Effect in Clinical
Importance GIT Tract
in growth. significance
processes.
 What is PSNS ?
The parasympathetic nervous system is
called the craniosacral division of the
ANS because of the location of its
preganglionic neurons within several
cranial nerve nuclei (III, VII, IX, and
X).

The parasympathetic sacral outflow

(pelvic nerve) supplies the pelvic
viscera via branches of the
second to fourth sacral spinal
 How does it works ?
Nervous system works through the
chemical transmission at Autonomic
junctions.

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are the

principal neurotransmitters synthesizedand
released by autonomic neurons.
The cholinergic autonomic neurons (i.e,
release acetylcholine) are
(1)all preganglionic neurons
(2)all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
(3)sympathetic postganglionic neurons that
innervate sweat glands
(4)sympathetic postganglionic neurons
.
The neurotransmitters are synthesized, stored
in the nerve endings, released near the neurons,
where they bind to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) to
initiate their characteristic actions.

There are several diseases or syndromes that

result from dysfunction of sympathetic innervation of
specific body regions.
Horner syndrome.
The problem can result from injury to the
nerves, injury to the carotid artery, a stroke or lesion in the
brainstem, or a tumor in the lung.
The hallmark of Horner syndrome is the triad of anhidrosis
(reduced
sweating), ptosis (droopingeyelid), and miosis (constricted
pupil).Symptoms also include enophthalmos (sunken eyeball) and
EFFECT ON VITAL ORGANS !
There are mainly 4 parasympathetic cranial nerves:-
>C.N 3
>C.N 7
>C.N 9
>C.N 10

These nerves control different organs by their

postganglionic secretions by relaying in their
particular ganglion.
But our question is same , How organs are actually
controlled autonomically ?

>Organs receive dual innervation with antagonistic effects

including heart, airways, digestive tract and urinary bladder.
For example , sympathetic system (heart rate +)
Parasympathetic system (heart rate -)

> Both systems can be considered complementary also .

For example PSNS - causes release of watery saliva
SNS - causes release of thick saliva .
> They can be synergistic also .
For example :
PSNS - cause contraction of sphincter pupillae leads to miosis.
SNS - cause contraction of dilator pupillae leads to mydriasis .
There are also several organs that are innervated by
only one division of the ANS. For example ,
Adrenal gland , most blood vessels and the pilomotor muscles -
SNS

The lacrimal muscle (tear gland ) , ciliary muscle (for

accommodation for near vision ) and the nasopharyngeal gland
are innervated by PSNS .
Basically, Parasympathetic action favors digestion and
absorption of food by increasing the
activity of the intestinal musculature,
increasing gastric secretion, and relaxing the pyloric
sphincter. For this reason, it is sometimes called
the “rest and digest” division of the ANS.
(1)LUNGS :
Increase Bronchoconstriction
Increase secretion

(2) HEART :
Acts on SA node ,AV node
Decrease heart rate
Decrease blood pressure
(3) OESOPHAGUS:
Acts through oesophageal plexus
Increase peristalsis, motility , secretions .

(4) KIDNEY:
Increase urinary formation
Contractions of ureter .
(5) SMALL INTESTINE :
Increase mobility
Increase secretion
Increase absorption

(6) LARGE INTESTINE :

Increase mobility
(7)LIVER :
Acts through Hepatic plexus
Increase glycogenesis

(8) GALL BLADDER :

Increase contraction

(9) PANCREAS :
Relax Hepatopancreatic sphincter
Insulin release
SACRAL SYSTEM
“Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves “
Internal anal sphincter :-
Release involuntary

Bladder :-
Increase Bladder contractions
Relax involuntary Internal anal sphincter

All of these are regulated by inferior hypogastric plexus.