UNDERSTANDING THE

SELF
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVE ON SELF
 ENABLING ACTIVITY: Song Analysis
(click the song at the right to listen )

Magkaugnay (lahat ng bagay) by Joey Ayalahttps://sg.video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?

Lupa, laot, langit ay magkaugnay
Hayop, halaman, tao ay magkaugnay
CHORUS
Ang lahat ng bagay ay magkaugnay
Magkaugnay ang lahat
Tayo ay nakasakay sa mundong naglalakbay RqhVvatOaCd37THCbjQoJpNYJYPNF8Jle7ZwTu
Sa gitna ng kalawakan
Umiikot sa bituin na nagbibigay-buhay
Sa halaman, sa hayop at sa atin
CHORUS
Ang lahat ng bagay ay magkaugnay
Magkaugnay ang lahat
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 ENABLING ACTIVITY: Song Analysis

iisang pinagmulan
iisang hantungan ng ating lahi
Kamag-anak at katribo ang lahat ng narito
Sa lupa, sa laot at sa langit

CHORUS
Ang lahat ng bagay ay magkaugnay
Magkaugnay ang lahat

Lupa, laot, langit ay magkaugnay

Hayop, halaman, tao ay magkaugnay

CHORUS
Ang lahat ng bagay ay magkaugnay
Magkaugnay ang lahat
Eastern Philosophy on Self
In sociology, the East–West dichotomy is the perceived
difference between the Eastern and Western worlds.

Historically, Asia (excluding Siberia) was regarded as the

East, and Europe was regarded as the West. Today, the
"West" usually refers to Australasia, Europe, and the
Americas.
The important characteristic of the EASTERN world
view is the awareness of the unity and mutual
interrelation of all things and events, the experience of
all phenomena in the world as manifestations of a basic
oneness
All things are seen as interdependent and inseparable parts of
this cosmic whole.

The fundamental element of the cosmos is SPACE.

Nothing can exist without SPACE.

According to Ancient Indian tradition… the Universe reveals
itself in two fundamental properties:

MOTION that takes place in SPACE.

SPACE is called AKASA .. derived from the root

kas which means to radiate or to shine and
is therefore conceived as the medium of
movement.

The principle of movement is PRANA,

meaning the breath of life, the all-
powerful, all-pervading rhythm of the universe.
CONFUCIANISM
 CONFUCIANISM

is an ethical and philosophical system based on the teachings

of Chinese sage, CONFUCIUS

a famous thinker and social philosopher of China

seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master

 CONFUCIANISM

traveled around China to promote his ideas among rulers but

eventually became involved in teaching disciples.
 CONFUCIANISM

is a code of ethical conduct (how one should properly act

according to their relationship with others).

emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of

social relationships, and justice and sincerity.
 CONFUCIANISM

It is focused on having a harmonious social life

It means that the identity and self-concept of an individual

are intertwined with the identity and status of his/her
community or culture, sharing its pride as well as its
failures , (Ho, 1995)
 CONFUCIANISM

As stated in the different studies, "the characteristics of a

chun-tzu, a man
of virtue or noble character is still embedded in his social
relationships." Man’s "cultivated self” or what scholars call a
“subdued self”, repressed (subdued) their personal needs for
the good of many. This makes Confucian society also
hierarchical for the purpose of maintaining order and balance
in society.“ (Ho, 1995 in Aleta et al, 2018)
 CONFUCIANISM

The Analects is a short collection of Confucius’ discussions

with disciples that contain the overview of his teachings
The following quotes from The Analects demonstrate the simplicity and
wisdom of Confucianism

“ Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.”

“ Everything has its beauty but not everyone sees it.”

“ Forget injuries, never forget kindnesses.”

“ Men's natures are alike, it is their habits that carry them far
apart.”
The following quotes from The Analects demonstrate the simplicity
and wisdom of Confucianism

“ Respect yourself and others will respect you.”

“ Study the past if you would define the future.”

The following quotes from The Analects demonstrate the simplicity
and wisdom of Confucianism

“ When anger rises, think of the consequences.”

“ When we see men of a contrary character, we should turn

inwards and examine ourselves.”

“ Where so ever you go, go with all your heart.”

“ Have no friends not equal to yourself.”

Buddhism
Buddhism is a moral philosophy / religion based upon the
teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (566 - 486 B.C.)

Siddhartha Gautama known as the Buddha (from the ancient

Indian languages of Pali and Sanskrit) means "one who has
awakened".

'Buddha‘ from the verbal root "budh“ meaning “to awaken” or

"to be enlightened", and "to comprehend".
At the age of 35 while meditating under a Bodhi tree,
Siddhartha reached Enlightenment, awakening to the true
nature of reality, which is Nirvana (Absolute Truth);

In Buddhism, nirvana is the highest state that someone

can attain, a state of enlightenment, meaning a person's
individual desires and suffering go away.
The Middle Way is an important idea in Buddhist thought
and practice.

To seek moderation and avoid the extremes

of self-indulgence and self-mortification.
The Buddha taught that the nature of reality was
temporary and interconnected.

We suffer in life because of our desire to transient things.

Liberation from suffering may come by training the mind

and acting according to the laws of karma (cause and
effect) i.e. with right action, good things will come to
you.
 Four Noble Truths

Dukkha: Suffering is everywhere.

Samudaya: There is a cause of suffering, which is attachment

or misplaced desire (tanha) rooted in ignorance.
Nirodha: There is an end to suffering, which is Nirvana
(the possibility of liberation exists for everyone).

Maggo: There is a path that leads out of suffering, known

as the Noble Eightfold Path (right view, right thought, right
speech, right conduct, right vocation, right effort, right
attention and right concentration).
Noble Eightfold Path
The SELF is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of
trying to hold and control things or human-centered needs;
thus, the self is also the source of all these sufferings (Ho,
1995).
Hatred is never appeased by hatred in this world; it is
appeased by love. This is an eternal Law.

'All conditioned things are impermanent’, when one sees this

in wisdom, then one becomes composed towards the painful.
This is the Path to Purity.
TAOISM
 Lau Tzu

The goal of Taoism is to bring human beings

into union with the Tao (The Way) by
imitating certain qualities in nature such as
harmony and fluidity.
“The Way”, Taoism prizes the values of
individual life reflected in the two core topics
of longevity and immortality
“It insists that human life is of the highest
value, a worthy goal for people to pursue
forever.

Taoism believes that human beings can

control their lives through self-exercise and
moral behavior
Human fulfillment lies in
harmonizing with the Tao, which
is generally conceived as patterns
in nature (relationship between
human beings and nature).

Tao is the unique source of the

universe and determines all things
that everything in the world is
composed of positive and
negative parts.
To embrace the “Way of
Nature” and the “Way of
Life”.

Three Significant Processes

Wu Wei or non-action adopt

simplicity of lifestyle
Longevity and Chi

“to live the longest possible

natural life by living in
harmony with one’s social
and natural environment
To embrace the “Way of Nature” and the
“Way of Life”.

Yin-Yang

are complementary

the Yang moves upward, represents the heavens,

and therefore “pure and light”, while the Yin
flows downward, forms the earth, and so “turbid
and heavy” Taoist principle of the unity of
opposites represents an authentic perspective for
creating peace in human relationships and to the
environment as well.
To embrace the “Way of Nature” and
the “Way of Life”.

Taoist principle of the unity of opposites

(Yin-Yang) represents an authentic
perspective for creating peace in human
relationships and to the environment as
well.
HINDUISM
All living beings have an “inner-most self” called ATMAN

ATMAN is connected to the Brahman which is the one

Divine Principle that brings unity to the universe.

Because of this connection to Brahman, this “innermost

self” becomes the “absolute self” or the Brahman-Atman

Atman is linked to Hinduism’s view of God

Goals in Hinduism:

1) bring the individual person to the realization that he

is not a separate being, but rather a partaker of the
great SELF (Brahman-Atman)
Goals in Hinduism:

2) attain detachment from self-desires and wants,

and to become one with the Great Self (universal
self). Hence, Brahman-Atman is attained.
Rituals of Purification to attain BRAHMAN-ATMAN

Karma

Closely involved with the Hindu doctrine of reincarnation

which means that when a person dies, a person is reborn as
another being in the future.

Reincarnation happens when the Atman (Soul) leaves its

material receptacle (body) and finds another material
receptacle to reside on in another life cycle.
The process is called transmigration of the soul.
Rituals of Purification to attain BRAHMAN-ATMAN

Samsara (Cycle or wheel of birth-death-rebirth)

An Atman that has not achieved the sufficient level of

enlightenment and detachment from material goods and
pleasures will be reborn again and again in different
material receptacles. The goal of spiritual practice is to
end this cycle and stop the wheel of Samsara.
Rituals of Purification to attain BRAHMAN-ATMAN

Moksha

is the experience of momentous release or liberation (salvation)

from the seemingly never-ending cycle of birth-death-rebirth.

This is the aim of serious spiritual practitioners: to achieve moksha

within their lifetime.

If Moksha is achieved, the Atman does not look for a material

receptacle to reside on and unites with the Brahman-atman, the
principle of all life in the universe.
THANK YOU