THE NORTHERN AND

NORTH-WESTERN
HIMALAYAS
 Snow-Capped Facts
• Formed due to the collision of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plate,
Himalayas are the youngest fold mountains in the world.
• The Himalayan range is made up of three parallel ranges:
Greater Himalayas, the Lesser Himalayas, and the Outer Himalayas.
• They cover approximately 1,500 mi (2,400 km) and pass through the
nations of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Bhutan and Nepal.
• They are home to the tallest mountain on the planet – Mt. Everest.
• The Himalayas are the source for the Indus, the Yangtze and the Ganga-
Brahmaputra. All three are major river systems for the continent of Asia.
• The Himalayas are the third largest deposit of ice and snow in the world,
after Antarctica and the Arctic
KASHMIR HIMALAYAS
Meha Dave
Archie Pandya

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 Kashmir
• Kashmir is often referred to as "Paradise on Earth“. It is
surrounded by the majestic Himalayan mountain range (Pir Panjal
and Greater Himalayas), offering stunning snow-capped peaks, lush
green valleys, serene lakes, and gushing rivers
• It is renowned for its beautiful gardens, influenced by Mughal and
Persian styles of architecture.
• Kashmir is a melting pot of diverse cultures, influenced by Hindu,
Muslim, and Buddhist traditions, each contributing to its vibrant
cultural tapestry.
• The region is renowned for its intricate hand-woven carpets,
Pashmina shawls, intricate woodwork etc. and exquisite cuisine,
which blends Indian, Central Asian, and Persian flavors.
 Kashmir Himalayan Range
• Comprises the ranges of Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar and Pir Panjal.
• North-eastern part is a cold desert, lying between the Greater
Himalayas and Karakoram ranges.
• Important South Asian glaciers of Siachen and Baltoro are found
here.
• Famous for “Karewa” useful for cultivating Zafran.
• Passes in the region are: Zoji La on Great Himalayas, Banihal on Pir
Panjal, Photu La on Zaskar and Khardung La on the Ladakh range.
 Lakes and Rivers
• Fresh water lakes: Dal lake in Shrinagar (22 km.sq),
Wular lake near Bandipora town (189 km.sq), Mansar
lake in Jammu city (59 ha/0.59 km.sq) etc.
• Salt water lakes: Pangong Tso in Shrinagar (699.3
km.sq) famous from the movie 3 Idiots, Tso Moriri in
Ladakh (120 km.sq) etc.
• Being home to many Himalayan glaciers, the major
river in this region is Jhelum river (725 km).
 JHELUM
• The Jhelum rises from a deep spring at Vernag, in
western Jammu and Kashmir.
• The river meanders northwestward from the northern slope of
the Pir Panjal Range through the Vale of Kashmir to Wular
lake at Srinagar, which controls its flow.
• Emerging from the lake, the Jhelum flows westward and crosses
the Pir Panjal in a gorge some 7,000 feet (2,100 meters) deep
with almost perpendicular sides.
• The total length of the Jhelum is about 450 miles (725 km).
QUESTIONS?
HIMACHAL AND
UTTARAKHAND
HIMALAYAS
Yashvi Shah
 Introduction

• This part of the Himalayas lies approximately between river Ravi in

the west and river Kali (tributary of Ghaghara) in the east.
• It is drained by two major river systems of India: Ganga and Indus.
• All the 3 ranges of Himalayas i.e., the Great Himalayan range – The
Lesser Himalayas (locally known as Dhaoladhar in Himachal Pradesh
and Nagtibha in Uttarakhand) – are prominent in this region.
• Some important “Duns” located in this region are: Chandigarh-Kalka
Dun, Nalagarh Dun, Dehra Dun, Harike Dun, Kota Dun etc.
 TOURISM
• These mountains are home to some of the most photogenic and
beautiful towns such as Shimla, Manali, Mussoorie, Kasauli,
Almora, Lansdowne, Ranikhet etc.
• It provides with a huge variety of adventure activities like river
rafting, paragliding, ziplines etc.
• The ranges are an abode for trekkers and campers around the
world and peaceful environment.
• Their traditional local cuisine like Siddu, Bhey (spicy lotus stem),
Chha Gosht etc. is popular amongst tourists.
 PILGRIMAGE
• The Himalayan ranges of Uttarakhand and Himachal are important
pilgrimage locations for Hindus and Sikh.
• Holy temples of Kedarnath, Badrinath, Yamunotri and Gangotri are
situated in the lap of Himalayas.
• Hemkund Sahib a prominent Sikh Gurudwara is located in
Uttarakhand and is devoted to Guru Gobind Singh, the 10 th Sikh Guru.
QUESTIONS?
Arunachal Himalayas
Sajiya Farooqi
 LOCATION AND
DIVERSITY
• The Arunachal Himalayas acompasses the eastern
Himalayan syntaxis is located between longitudes
91°30E and 96°E in the Himalaya
• East of Bhutan is where the section of the Himalayas can
be found
• The Arunachal Himalayas can be divided into three
regions: western, central and eastern.
• This area is rich in species like Arunachal Macaque,
Great Hornbill, Clouded Leopard etc., that the
indigenous communities have protected.
• The area also one of the most delicious delicacies
beloved to the locals like the Pika Pila (bamboo shoot
pickle made by Apatani tribe) etc.
 CLIMATE
• The climate of Arunachal Himalayas varies with topography and
elevation.
• Precipitation in the state generally follows the wet-dry monsoon
patterns.
• Arunachal Himalayas terrain climate , and soils are reflected in its
flora and fauna.
• Highly hot and humid at the lower altitudes and in the valleys
covered by swampy dense forest particularly in the eastern
section, while it becomes exceedingly cold in higher altitudes.
 Other Interesting facts
• River systems in the region, including those from the higher Himalayas and Patkoi and
Arakan Ranges, eventually drain into the Brahmaputra River.
• The Brahmaputra and its tributaries form the primary resource of water, which are Dibang,
Lohit, Subansiri, Kameng, and Tirap.
• Arunachal has an international border of over 1600km with China in the north, Myanmar in
the east, and Bhutan in the west.
• The meaning of the name Arunachal translates in local language to the Land of Dawn Lit
Mountains because of its location in the east, where you can witness beautiful sunrises atop
the hills.
• You need an inner line permit even if you are an Indian citizen to explore Arunachal
Pradesh, which only allows you to spend 15 days.
• The forests of Arunachal Pradesh cover one-third of the habitat area within the Himalayan
biodiversity hotspot.
QUESTIONS?
QUESTIONS?
EASTERN HILLS AND
MOUNTAINS
TANVI PATTNAYAK
 PATKAI HILLS
• The Pat-Kai or Patkai Bum is a group of mountains on
the Indo-Myanmar border that lie in the North-Eastern
Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and
Myanmar’s upper Burma area.
• They were formed by the same tectonic forces that
formed Himalayas during the Mesozoic period.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

• The mountains of the Patkai range are not as craggy as

those of the Himalayas, and the summits are much
lower.
 KHASI HILLS
• The Khasi hills are a low mountain range on the Shillong
Plateau in India’s Meghalaya state.
• The Khasi hills as well as the entire GARO-KHASI-JAINTIA
range, are part of the Meghalaya subtropical forests
ecoregion.
• It is fed by Brahmaputra and Surma river tributaries .
• The Cherrapunji scrap in the south boasts one of the world’s
greatest average yearly rainfall. Because of its magnificent
grandeur, the Khasi hills region is frequently referred to as
“Scotland of the East”.
QUESTIONS?
 THANKYOU 
TEAM A: Meha Dave, Archie Pandya, Yashvi Shah, Tanvi Pattnayak,
Kanika Iyer and Sajiya Farooqi