CELL CYCLE (CELL

DIVISION)
THE STUDENT IS EXPECTED TO:

5A DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF

THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
REPLICATION AND MITOSIS, AND THE
IMPORTANCE OF THE CELL CYCLE TO THE
GROWTH OF ORGANISMS
 WRITE THESE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWER THEM.
• Where are chromosomes found?
• How many chromosomes or pairs of chromosomes do we
have in each of our cells?
• How do we make new human organisms?
• How many chromosomes do sperm cells have? How
about egg cells?
• When a sperm fertilizes an egg, how many chromosomes
are present? How many cells are present?
• How does the fertilized egg become a baby?
WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
• Increased volume  increased demand

• Volume  exponential growth

• Surface area  doubles
• Lack of surface area triggers cell division
DEVELOPING MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISM.
KEY CONCEPT
Cells divide during mitosis and
cytokinesis.
 CELLS DIVIDE AT DIFFERENT RATES.
• The rate of cell division varies with the need for those types of cells.

• Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).

RATES OF CELL DIVISION

• Rapid • Rarely
• Skin • Muscle
• Digestive tract • Nerve (slowest)
• Bone marrow
• Stay in G0 phase
• Replace worn
out or broken
down cells
• Surface area must allow for adequate exchange of materials.

– Cell growth is coordinated

with division.
– Cells that must be large
have unique shapes.
CELL CYCLE HAS 3 MAIN
FUNCTIONS
1. GROWTH
2. REPLACEMENT AND
3. REPAIR
 CELL CYCLE
• Interphase (preparation for cell division)

– G1 – Growth 1
– S - Synthesis
– G2 - Growth 2
• Mitosis (Division of the nucleus)

– Prophase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
• Cytokenesis (Division of the cytoplasm)
INTERPHASE
Centrioles
75% of cell’s life
spent here

Includes G1, S,
and G2

Nucleolus
INTERPHASE
G1 – GROWTH 1
• Cell doubles in size
• Some organelles (ribosomes & mitochondria) double in number.

• Cells that don’t duplicate, stay at this phase

• Go
INTERPHASE
S – SYNTHESIS (TO MAKE)
• DNA Replication
• DNA makes a copy of itself so that each “new” cell has a complete
set.
INTERPHASE
G2 – GROWTH 2
• Spindle fiber are assembled.
• The rest of the needed organelles are produced.

• The cell is now ready to divide!!!

• Before we go into Mitosis, we are going to talk about the S sub-phase
and exactly what happens there!

DNA Replication
 DNA REPLICATION

• So that identical copies of the cell’s genes, can be passed on to each

new cell.
• DNA Replication occurs during the S sub-phase of Interphase.
 When referring to individual sides,
they are called sister chromatids.
CHROMOSOME

Centromere-
hold copies
together
• Chromosome
• Chromosome • Double Copies
• Single Copy • Has gone through DNA Replication – so that
each cell gets a complete set of 46.
• Which of these is ready to go through cell division?
 CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE AT THE
START OF MITOSIS.
• DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it.

DNA double DNA and Supercoiled

helix histones Chromatin DNA
 MITOSIS –
DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS (DNA)

• Remember: During Interphase the S sub-phase, we made a copy of

DNA and in Mitosis we are separating those copies.
 REVIEW:
INTERPHASE
Chromatin
DNA Replication has
occurred but chromosomes
are uncoiled
MITOSIS –
PROPHASE
1. Nuclear Envelope begins
to break down
2.Chromosomes
coil up & condense

4.Spindle Fibers 3.Centrioles migrate

are put together to opposite poles
MITOSIS –
METAPHASE
1.Chromosomes line up
at the equator
2.Centrioles
at opposite
poles

3. Spindle Fibers
attach to
chromosomes at
the kinetochore
ANAPHASE

• Centromeres split
• Chromatids pulled apart
 now called
chromosomes
 MITOSIS –
ANAPHASE(CYTOKENESIS BEGINS HERE)
2.Spindle
1.Plasma Fibers pull
membrane elongates Sister
Chromatids
apart to
3.Sister opposite
Chromatids poles
are now
chromosomes
of the new
cell forming

Anaphase is Critical to chromosomal distribution

 3 PHASE OF CELL CYCLE
RD

CYTOKENESIS
• Cytokenesis begins with Anaphase and continues to finish with Telophase.
• Cytokenesis is the division of the cytoplasm ( organelles and cytosol)
• It is not an even distribution thus the 2 daughter cells at the end are not
completely identical.
 MITOSIS –
TELOPHASE
1 5 2

4
 TELOPHASE IS THE OPPOSITE
OF PROPHASE
• 1. Nuclear Envelope is reformed.
• 2. Chromosomes uncoil forming Chromatin.
• 3. Only 1 centriole left – the other will be made in Interphase.
• 4. Spindle Fibers are dissolved.
• 5. Cleavage Furrow continues to pinch until the cell is divided to form 2
daughter cells with identical DNA.
• Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.

– In animal
cells, the
membrane
pinches
closed.
– In plant cells,
a cell plate
forms.
CONTROLLING CELL
GROWTH
• Stop when touching
– Can resume when space (injury)
– Contact inhibition
• Stop when cannot absorb enough
nutrients
• Uncontrolled growth: cancer