NEUTRONS LOGS

NEUTRON/
DENSITY CURVE
RESPONSE
MOST LOGS ARE RECORDED
ON LIMESTONE SCALES WITH
A LIMESTONE MATRIX

Because a the CN tool

is calibrated for water
filled limestone, the
CNC curve will read
the porosity of
limestone correctly
 MOST LOGS ARE RECORDED
ON LIMESTONE SCALES WITH
A LIMESTONE MATRIX
For example:
10% porosity water filled
limestone reads 10 p.u.’s
25% porosity water filled
limestone reads 25 p.u.’s
HOW DOES THIS LOOK ON A LOG?

LETS LOOK AT THE CNC SCALE

45 pu -15 pu
0 pu
30 pu 15 pu

EACH CHART DIVISION IS 3 PU’S

HOW DOES THIS LOOK ON A LOG?

Limestone 10%
Water Filled

Limestone 20%
Water Filled
REMEMBER THE SCALES ARE
SUCH
Limestone 30%THAT THE ZDEN AND
Water CNC
FilledCURVES OVERLAY IN A
WATER FILLED LIMESTONE
HOW DOES HYDROCARBON LOOK?

Limestone 10%
Gas Filled

Limestone 10%
Oil Filled
HYDROCARBON WILL AFFECT
BOTH
Limestone 10% THE CNC AND ZDEN
Water Filled RESPONSES
LET’S LOOK AT A 10% POROSITY
LIMESTONE FORMATION
HOW DOES HYDROCARBON LOOK?

This is large
negative
Limestone 10% separation
and indicates gas
Gas Filled

Limestone 10% This is known

Oil Filled as negative
separation
Limestone 10%
Water Filled
WHY DOES IT BEHAVE IN THIS WAY?
Here, pore space is filled
LETS HAVE A LOOK AT THE
NOW with
LETSgasLOOK
– CNCAT tends
THE
ZDEN RESPONSE FIRST
towards
CNC zero p.u.
RESPONSE

ρ= (0.9 x 2.71) +
Limestone 10% (0.1 x 0)
Gas Filled = 2.44 g/cc

Limestone 10% ρ= (0.9 x 2.71) +

(0.1 x 0.8)
Oil Filled
= 2.52 g/cc

Limestone 10% Limestone Matrix

Water Filled Limestone Oil in the pore space
Scales
reduces the CN porosity
ZDEN overlays
CNC at 10 pu
WHAT ABOUT INCREASED POROSITY?

AN INCREASE IN POROSITY
INCREASES THE
SEPERATION CAUSED BY H-C

Limestone 20%
10%
Gas Filled

Limestone 20%
10%
Oil Filled

Limestone 20%
10%
Water Filled
HOW DOES A SANDSTONE LOOK?

LET’S BRING UP THE

CORRECTION CHART FOR
LITHOLOGY

Sandstone 15%
Gas Filled

Sandstone 15%
Oil Filled

Sandstone 15%
Water Filled
HOW DOES A SANDSTONE LOOK?

15 % WATER FILLED
SANDSTONE READS 10 P.U. BY
THE CNC CURVE

Sandstone 15%
Gas Filled

Sandstone 15%
Oil Filled
15%
Sandstone 15%
Water Filled

CNC=10 pu
HOW DOES A SANDSTONE LOOK?

HERE’S THE1515%PU
WATER FILLED
SANDSTONE READS 10 P.U. BY
LINE
THE CNC CURVE

Sandstone 15%
Gas Filled
zden = (0.85 x 2.65)
Sandstone 15% + (0.15 x 1)
Oil Filled = 2.4 g/cc

Sandstone 15%
Water Filled
HOW DOES A SANDSTONE LOOK?

THE 2.5 CHART DIVISION

Sandstone 15% SEPERATION IS A TYPICAL
Gas Filled WATER FILLED SANDSTONE
RESPONSE ON LIMESTONE
Sandstone 15% MATRIX/SCALES
Oil Filled

Sandstone 15%
Water Filled
HOW DOES A SANDSTONE LOOK?

Sandstone 15%
2.25 g/cc
Gas Filled

Sandstone 15%
2.37 g/cc
Oil Filled

Sandstone 15%
Water Filled 2.4 g/cc
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

SHALE

Anhydrite
Salt:
Zden = 2.08 g/cc
Dolomite 15% Cnc = -3 pu
Water Filled

Coal
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

SHALE High 2.3-2.7 g/cc

Anhydrite
Shale:
Zden = 2.3 -2.7 g/cc
Dolomite 15% Cnc = High
Water Filled

Coal
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

SHALE High 2.3-2.7 g/cc

Anhydrite
•Positive separation
Dolomite 15% •High water content
Water Filled

Coal
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

SHALE High 2.3-2.7 g/cc

Anhydrite 2.98 g/cc -2 pu

Dolomite 15% Anhydrite:

Water Filled Zden = 2.98 g/cc
Cnc = -2 p.u.
Coal
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

SHALE High 2.3-2.7 g/cc

Anhydrite 2.98 g/cc -2 pu

Dolomite 15% •Type of evaporite

Water Filled •Hence very dense

Coal
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

FOR DOLOMITE LET’S BRING

UP THE CORRECTION CHART
FOR LITHOLOGY AGAIN

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

SHALE High 2.3-2.7 g/cc

Anhydrite 2.98 g/cc -2 pu

Dolomite 15%
Water Filled

Coal
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

15 % WATER FILLED
DOLOMITE READS 22 P.U. BY
THE CNC CURVE

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

SHALE High 2.3-2.7 g/cc

Anhydrite 2.98 g/cc -2 pu

15%
Dolomite 15%
Water Filled
CNC=22 pu
Coal
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

15% Dolomite:
Zden = 2.58 g/cc
SHALE High 2.3-2.7 g/cc
Cnc = 22 p.u.
Anhydrite 2.98 g/cc -2 pu

Dolomite 15% 22 pu 2.58 g/cc

Water Filled

Coal
WHAT ABOUT OTHER FORMATIONS?

Salt 2.08 g/cc -3 pu

Coal (Anthracite):
Zden = 1.6 g/cc
SHALE High 2.3-2.7 g/cc
Cnc = 46 p.u.
Anhydrite 2.98 g/cc -2 pu

Dolomite 15% 22 pu 2.58 g/cc

Water Filled

Coal 1.6 g/cc 46 pu

LOGS CAN ALSO BE RECORDED
ON SANDSTONE SCALES WITH
A SANDSTONE MATRIX

The processing is such

that the CN tool now
reads the porosity of a
water filled Sandstone
correctly. CNC and
ZDEN overlay.
LOGS CAN ALSO BE RECORDED
ON SANDSTONE SCALES WITH
A SANDSTONE MATRIX

For Example:
15% sandstone
Uncorrected = 10 p.u.
Corrected = 15 p.u.
A correction of +5 p.u.
LOGS CAN ALSO BE RECORDED
ON SANDSTONE SCALES WITH
A SANDSTONE MATRIX

NB:
15% Limestone
Uncorrected = 15 p.u.
Corrected = 20 p.u.
A correction of +5 p.u.
HOW DOES THIS LOOK ON A LOG?

LETS LOOK AT THE CNC SCALE

60 pu 0 pu
15 pu
45 pu 30 pu

EACH CHART DIVISION IS 3 PU’S

HOW DOES THIS LOOK ON A LOG?

Sandstone 15%
Gas Filled

Sandstone 15%
Oil Filled

Sandstone 15%
Water Filled
 OTHER LITHOLOGIES?

SHALE
Using the Lithology
Dolomite 15% Correction Chart
Water Filled

Limestone 15%
Water Filled

Sandstone 15%
Water Filled
 OTHER LITHOLOGIES?

SHALE

Dolomite 15% 8 cd’s

Water Filled +ve separation

Limestone 15% 2.5 cd’s

Water Filled +ve separation

Sandstone 15%
Water Filled
 CNC-ZDEN CROSSPLOTS

Cnc-Zden crossplots are

used to determine two
important factors:

1. Lithology
2. Porosity

They can also give an

indication to how much
shale is in the formation
 CNC-ZDEN CROSSPLOTS

For Lithology, three Sandstone

lines are drawn on the Limestone

crossplot relating to: Dolomite

Sandstone

Limestone

Dolomite
 CNC-ZDEN CROSSPLOTS

For Lithology, three Sandstone

lines are drawn on the Limestone

crossplot relating to: Dolomite

Where the CN vs ZDEN

points plot indicates the
type of lithology, or
combination of
lithologies
 CNC-ZDEN CROSSPLOTS

Sandstone
Gas or light Limestone

hydrocarbon Dolomite

pushes the
H-C effect
points up
Shale effect

Shale pulls the

points down:
 CNC-ZDEN CROSSPLOTS

To determine an Sandstone

accurate porosity, the Limestone

lithology lines have the Porosities Dolomite

porosities marked on
them.
These can just be read
straight off the cross
plot