Monitoring and Measuring

Stack Emissions
Here is where the future begins

Created by: Presented by:

Rahaf Mohamed Salem Rahaf Mohamed Salem
Bayan Jasim
Zahra Ali
Edited by:
Bayan Jasim & Zahra Ali
Table of contents
01 Introductory Statement
02 Objectives
03 Methodology
04 Process Analysis
05 Conclusions
06 Progress Report
01
Introductory
Statement
 Study objectives

1. Study and understand the process and its drawbacks.

2. Improving efficiency of processes.

3. Developing ways of reducing costs.

Methodology
Testing

Monitoring System

Data collection

Analysis
 Testing
1-Molecular weight determination
Dry Molecular weight of flue gas:
Md= 0.44 (%CO2)+0.32 (% O2) +0.28(% N2+ % CO) +....

Molecular weight of each species is divided by 100, kg/kg-mole

Each Percent of each species is by volume on a dry basis

% N2 is calculated by difference using this equation:

% N2 = 100 – ( % CO2 avg + % O2 avg + % CO avg )
1-Molecular weight determination

molecular weight of the gas on a wet basis:

Ms = Md (1 – Bwo ) + 18 Bwo

Bwo- proportion by volume of water vapor in stack gas.

18 - molecular weight of water, Kg / Kg -mole

Other ways to calculate the percentile composition of flue:

• Calibrated multiple combustion gas analyzer
• Orset analysis
2-Static pressure determination

1- disconnect the positive end of the pitot tube

2-take the reading of velocity pressure.
3-calculate the static pressure by:

P bar = Barometric pressure in mmHg

∆ Ps = Stack gas velocity pressure, mm water column
Ps = Static pressure mmHg
Density of Hg = 13.6
3-Stack gas volumetric flow Rate

()

As = Area of the stack (duct) m2

Bwo = Proportion by volume of water vapor in stack gas.
Tref = 298 K
Pref = 760 mm
Ts = Absolute stack gas temperature, K
Ps = Absolute stack gas pressure
Monitoring System
Selection
1. Periodic Measurements
2. Continuous emissions monitoring systems. (CEMS)

What is CEMS?
It’s a sampling procedure that is employed with an instrument permanently located at
or near the stack.

Factors for selection

1. The process
2. Control equipment
3. Pollutant to be monitored
Calibration and data acquisition
The first form of calibration is frequency.

Process of data acquisition.

1. Collected

2. Transmittance

3. Ensure compliance with regulatory limits.

Data reduction, record keeping and reporting are performed independently.

CEMS Analyzers
and Sampling
Components
Process Analysis and
Optimization
WHAT DOSE GREENHOUSE GASES
MEAN (GHG) ?
GREENHOUSE GASES:
Greenhouse gases are a group of compounds that are able to trap heat
(longwave radiation) in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth's surface warmer
than it would be if they were not present. These gases are the fundamental
cause of the greenhouse effect.
 Carbon dioxide :direct human impacts on
GLOBAL EMISSION: forestry and other land use.
Methane: farm activities, energy use, and
biomass burning.
Nitrous oxide: farm activities ,such as fertilizer use
Fluorinated gases: Industrial processes,
refrigeration, consumer products

Source: IPCC (2014) Exit based on

global emissions from 2010.
WHAT DOSE (GWP) MEAN?

Question :

1 amount of heat of N2O  ? Of CO2

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP):
is a relative scale which compares the amount of heat trapped by greenhouse gas
to the amount of heat trapped in the same mass of Carbon Dioxide
STEAM-METHANE REFORMING
STEAM-METHANE REFORMING:

methane reacts with steam under 3–25 bar pressure (1 bar

= 14.5 psi) produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide
SYNGAS PLANTS
What is syngas?
𝐶𝐻4 + 𝐻2𝑂 ⟺ 𝐶𝑂 + 3𝐻2 - steam methane reforming

Why it is important?
70% of emissions in Chemical and petrochemical plant are CO2
Syngas plants | Key reactions
Reforming: CH4 + H2O  CO + 3H2 (DH = +206
kJ/mol)
Water Gas Shift:
CO + H2O  CO2 + H2 (DH = -41
Combustion:
kJ/mol) 2H2 + O2  2H2O(DH -ve)
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O (DH -ve)
 SYNGAS (SYNTHESIS GAS) PLANTS

Combustion

Water Gas
Shift Rxn

Reforming

Products
05
Conclusion
Progress Report
Task Description Date Status

1 Extensive research of the topic November 7 Completed

2 Online data collection November 15 Completed

3 Simplified model of the process Still in progress In progress

Thanks!
Any questions?

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Analysis & development
Phase A Phase B
●Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the ●Venus has a beautiful name and is the second
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s a bit planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even
larger than the Moon hotter than Mercury

●Jupiter is a gas giant, the biggest planet in the ●Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. This
Solar System and the fourth-brightest object in planet is composed mostly of hydrogen and
the night sky helium

●Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun. It's ●Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the
also the fourth-largest planet by diameter in the only one that harbors life in the Solar System.
Solar System This is where we all live
Key concepts
Production Quality control & Inventory
planning warehouse & equipment
Earth is the only planet
known to harbor life

Materials Plant layout Job & work station

management & design design
Saturn was named after a
Roman god