A Seminar on

TENSILE STRENGTH OF GRAPHENE NANORIBBONS

NAME – SOUMYARANJAN SAHOO

SEC- B
REGD NO.- 2001109495
 TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED-:
• INTRODUCTION
• METHODOLOGY
• RESULT AND DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
• Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are attracting significant attention due to
their remarkable electronic properties and exceptional mechanical
characteristics, including high tensile strength and elastic modulus.
• Molecular dynamics were used for mechanical testing, experimental
testing of GNRs is challenging at the nanoscale due to high-stress loading
difficulties.
• Using high electric field methods to measure the intrinsic tensile strength
of GNRs directly, bypassing the complexities associated with determining
effective cross-sections or tensile areas.
• The strength of nanoobjects could be determined directly by using the
maximal value of the Maxwell stress.
 METHODOLOGY
• The experiments took place in a two-chamber field ion microscope (FIM)
at 78 K. We used hydrogen as the imaging gas, and the pressure was kept
at 10^-3 Pa. The residual gas pressure is at 10^-6 Pa.
• We used needle-like shapes that had a curvature radius of about 20 nm at
the top in spherical shape.
• These specimens were made from carbon polyacrylonitrile-based fiber, &
was refined by electrolytic polishing in a 1 N KOH aqueous solution.
• Electron microscopes from Philips (EM400) and Zeiss (Gemini 1540) was
used.
• Tensile Maxwell stress at the top of graphene layer under the high-field
loading by the failure voltage Vf is-
• When high-field treatment is applied to graphite specimens, it often
results in the exposure of graphene flakes or short nanoribbons with
different orientations and sizes.
• The edges of these graphene structures emit ions when subjected to a
high electric field and produce FIM patterns.

• These images reveal the carbon tip's top region (a) after undergoing high-
field smoothing at a low temperature of 78 K under a voltage of 5.76 kV. In
(b), the same carbon tip experiences exfoliation induced by an electric
microdischarge at 7.10 kV.
• A typical FIM image of a partially exfoliated carbon tip, which was
obtained at a voltage of 15.50 kV.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
• FIM images show us how these gas particles move when there's a strong
electric field near the surface of the specimen, just above the curved edge
of the graphene. This curved edge has a certain size ('p') and a boundary
called the 'critical surface.' This boundary's curve is defined by the 'pcr'
value.
• Chane of electric field as we move away from atomic center-

• The field strength required for hydrogen's ionization at the critical surface
(F = 18 V/nm) corresponds to the starting field strength (Fe0) at the
reference surface, which is 44.9 V/nm.
• The study also revealed how Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs) fractured due to
Maxwell stress. This fracture occurred at a high field strength of 149.83
V/nm at the electrical surface, corresponding to a Maxwell stress of 99.34
GigaPascals (GPa).

• The failure stress of GNRs covered a broad range, spanning from 8.9 to 99.34
GPa. The width at half-maximum of the Gaussian distribution was 56.0 GPa.
• The average failure stress, indicated by the highest point of the Gaussian
curve in the histogram, was calculated to be 46.93 GPa.
• Notably, the highest experimental value for GNR strength (99.34 GPa) was
significantly lower, by approximately 30%, than both ultimate experimental
(130 GPa) and molecular dynamics (MD) data for bulk graphene.
• Theoretical studies investigating the behavior of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs)
under tension have uncovered two distinct fracture mechanisms. When it comes
to GNRs with zigzag edges, they tend to fail uniformly. In contrast, those with chiral
edges fail due to mechanisms controlled by the edges themselves.
• It is reasonable to conclude that the wide range of failure fields and stresses
observed in the experiments may be attributed to the presence of specific chiral
features on the lateral edges of the GNRs.
• These results shed light on the complexity of GNR behavior and its mechanical
properties during tension.
 CONCLUSION
• This research focuses on determining the tensile strength of graphene
nanoribbons when subjected to pulling forces. The study specifically
examines defect-free portions of these nanoribbons, which are extremely
small.
• The highest strength observed in the experiments was an impressive 99.34
GigaPascals (GPa) and inherent strength of graphene nanoribbons with
widths ranging from 0.58 to 4.15 nanometers.
• The revealed strength of these graphene nanoribbons not only provides
valuable data but also serves as a blueprint for designing various
structures that incorporate graphene.