ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

PRESENTED BY:
MS. SUMITA LAMBA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (Sr.)
DEPARTMENT OF AIML
ABESEC
 Goals of the course
•To introduce you to the field of AI.

•Explain the challenges inherent while building an

“intelligent system.”

•To explain the

a. Key paradigms
b. Core techniques and
c. Algorithms
 Instructional Objectives
On taking this course you should be able to:
• Understand the role of basic
a. Knowledge Representation
b. Problem solving
c. Learning method of AI
•Assess the applicability, strengths and weakness of these
methods.

•Learn about the development of an intelligent systems by

assembling solutions to concrete computational perspective.

•Appreciate the role of problem solving, NLP and vision in

understanding human intelligence from a computational
perspective.
Lecture Outline
01 Definition of AI
.

02 What is Intelligent
System?

03 Approaches to AI

04 A very brief history of AI

 ARTIFICIAL
+
INTELLIGENCE

Artificial: Made by
humans or man made.

Intelligence: Ability to
think, understand and World's "First Robot Citizen" Talks About Climate
learn. Change On India Visit
 Artificial Intelligence
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Term coined by McCarthy in 1956.
Concerned with design of intelligence in an artificial device

What is intelligence?
Humans?
Behave as intelligently as a human
Behave in ideal way or in the best possible manner (Behavior)
a. Thinking: thinking intelligently, reasoning properly in order to
come up with a solution
b. Acting: How the system acts or behaves

So we can talk about intelligence in either thought or action.

Machine that
thinks, works
and behaves Intelligent
like a human. Systems
Some examples of Intelligent
systems:
• Virtual Assistants in smart phones
and smart devices.

•Self driving cars.

Artificial Intelligence
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
And based on intelligence in thought and intelligence in action, we can define AI
in following different ways:
1. Thought Process/ reasoning Vs Behavior (What to look at)
2. Human like performance Vs Ideal performance (How to measure
performance)
ALAN TURING
Characteristi
cs of an Perception
Capability of machine to interpret

Intelligent
data in similar manner as humans.

System Problem Solving

Capability to solve critical, complex and
practical tasks by analyzing the situation or
current scenario.

Learning
A process of acquiring new understandings,
knowledge, skills and preferences.

Reasoning
Capability of thinking about something in a
logical, sensible way.
From where it
all began!
Early History
 A very brief history of AI

1969 2002
1950 Shakey
The debut of
Roomba
Turing Test This was the first
"Computing Machinery general purpose mobile An autonomous robotic
and Intelligence.“ robot build. vacuum cleaner.
1972- WaBot-1

1956 1997
Emergence of
2005-20
Birth of AI
Intelligent Agents Age of AI
The word “Artificial
Intelligence” coined by IBM’s Super Computer Siri by Apple in iphone 4s
John McCarthy. “DEEP BLUE” was (2011), Speech
1966: ELIZA designed which defeated recognition, dancing
the world chess robot.
champion in a game.
Table of Contents

•What Is an Agent in AI?

•The Functions of an Artificial Intelligence Agent

•The Number and Types of Agents in Artificial Intelligence

•The Structure of Agents in Artificial Intelligence

 Agent in AI
Anything that perceive its environment through sensors and act upon that environment
through actuators.

An Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving, thinking, and acting.

 How agent perceive and act
Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends the
information to other electronic devices.

An agent observes its environment through sensors.

E.g.: Force Sensor, Pressure Sensors, Temperature Sensors, etc.

Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into motion.
The actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system.

E.g.: Electric motor, Gears, Simulators etc.

Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment.

Effectors can be legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.
 Agent
•Operates in its environment.

•Perceive its environment through sensors.

•Environmental observations must be used to make decisions.

•Acts upon its environment through sensors.

•The action taken by the AI agent must be a rational.

•Have goals
What can be identified as Agent?
Human-Agent: A human agent has sensory organs like eyes, ears, skin, etc for
sensing from environment and organs like hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators
and effectors.

Robot Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, sonar sensors infrared range finder,
NLP for sensors and various motors, grippers, wheels, lights, speakers for actuators
and effectors.

Software Agent (Soft bots): Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as
sensory input and act on those inputs and display output on the screen. E.g.: Expert
System.
 Intelligent Agents
•An autonomous entity which act upon an environment using sensors and actuators for
achieving goals.

•It must decide autonomously what action to take in the current situation to maximize
progress towards its goal.

•An intelligent agent may learn from the environment to achieve their goals.

•Performance measure of an agent is increased by mapping “Perception history

(Sequence) to Action”.
 Rational Agent
An agent that always does the right thing.

A rational agent acts rationally to maximize expected value of performance measure.

AI is about creating rational agents to use for game theory and decision theory for
various real-world scenarios.

For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI reinforcement

learning, for each best possible action, agent gets reward.

The rationality of an agent is measured by its performance measure.

Rationality can be judged on the basis of following points:

• Performance measure which defines the success criterion.

• Agent prior knowledge of its environment.
• Best possible actions that an agent can perform.
• The sequence of percepts.
 Structure of an AI Agent
The structure of an intelligent agent is a combination of architecture and agent program.

Agent = Architecture + Agent program

Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.

Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.

f:P* → A
Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function.
 PEAS Representation Model
P: Performance measure
E: Environment
A: Actuators
S: Sensors
 PEAS of Vacuum cleaner
Performance: Cleanliness and efficiency

Environment: Rug, hardwood floor, living room

Actuator: Brushes, wheels, vacuum bag

Sensors: Dirt detection sensor, bump sensor

Agents with their PEAS representation
Agent Performance measure Environment Actuators Sensors

1.Medical Diagnose •Healthy patient •Patient •Tests Keyboard

•Minimized cost •Hospital •Treatments (Entry of symptoms)
•Staff

2. Vacuum Cleaner •Cleanness •Room •Wheels •Camera

•Efficiency •Table •Brushes •Dirt detection sensor
•Battery life •Wood floor •Vacuum Extractor •Cliff sensor
•Security •Carpet •Bump Sensor
•Various obstacles •Infrared Wall Sensor

3. Part -picking •Percentage of parts in •Conveyor belt with •Jointed Arms •Camera
Robot correct bins. parts, •Hand •Joint angle sensors.
•Bins
Types of Agents in Artificial Intelligence
1. Reflex Agents: They choose actions only based on the current percept. Environment is completely
observable.
Condition-Action Rule − maps a state (condition) to an action.

2. Model Reflex Agents: Use a model of the world to choose their actions. They maintain an internal
state.
 Types of Agents
3. Goal-based agents: They choose their actions in order to achieve goals. Goal-based
agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having the "goal"
information. Works on searching and planning.

4. Utility-based agents: Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best
way to achieve the goal. Checks for the state of the agent after each action.

5. Learning agents: These agents employ an additional learning element to gradually

improve and become more knowledgeable over time about an environment.
Search
Search Problem
State Space Search
State Space Search
Search Problem
Searching Process
State Space
State Space
8 Puzzle
8 Queens
DFS