ABHISHEK

SWEWTA
AKSHAY
VERMA
KAPOOR
JINDAL
CONTENTS
What is AI?
Programs that behave externally like humans?
Programs that operate internally as humans do?
Computational systems that behave intelligently?
Rational behavior?
 ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE
INTELIGENCE

Intelligence: “The capacity to learn and solve problems”

Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human
intelligence by machines.
• The ability to solve problems
• The ability to act rationally
• The ability to act like humans
• Human beings are
intelligent

• To be called
intelligent, a
machine must
produce responses
that are
indistinguishable
from those of a
human
 HISTORY

Program has common sense

if it automatically deduces for
itself
our ultimate objective is to 8
make programs that learn
from their experience as
effectively as humans do.
The overall research goal of artificial intelligence is to
create technology that allows computers and machines
to function in an intelligent manner
 The overall research goal of artificial intelligence is to create technology that allows computers and
machines to function in an intelligent manner. The general problem of simulating (or creating)
intelligence has been broken down into sub-problems.
Reasoning, problem solving :
Researchers developed algorithms that imitated step-
by-step reasoning that humans use when they solve
puzzles or make logical deductions.

Knowledge representation :
Knowledge representation and knowledge
engineering are central to AI research. Many of the
problems machines are expected to solve will require
extensive knowledge about the world.
Planning :
Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them. This calls for an
agent that can not only assess its environment and make predictions, but also
evaluate its predictions and adapt based on its assessment.
Learning :
Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research since the field’s
inception, is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through
experience. Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in a stream of input.
Social intelligence :
Affective computing is the study and development of systems that can recognize,
interpret, process, and simulate human affects.
Creativity :
A sub-field of AI addresses creativity both theoretically and practically .
General intelligence :
Many researchers think that their work will eventually be incorporated into a
machine with artificial general intelligence, combining all the skills mentioned above
and even exceeding human ability in most or all these areas.
Applications of artificial intelligence
 Automated customer support

Artificial intelligence as
become a crucial part of 17

daily human lives today and

it assists in almost every
scenario whether you realize
it or not
 Healthcare Intelligence

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healthcare, artificial intelligence has already

The online shopping platform you use collects and proved to be a game-changer, improving every
stores lots of information about your usage — whether part of the industry virtually.
you like it or not.
 Smart cars and drones

19

Collaboration of finance industry and artificial

intelligence is a perfect match.
When it comes to AI applications, you can hardly get a
more prominent and better demonstration of the
technology than what smart cars, as well as drone
manufacturers, are accomplishing with it.
Smart home devices Security and surveillance

Social media Travel and navigation 20

21
 • The positive impact AI research can
have on humanity will start to be
across many walks of life -much of
it behind the scenes

• Improved speech, voice, image

video recognition will change the 23
way interact with our
• AI has demonstrated
unprecedented growth. Sophia
the AI Robot, is the
quintessential

• Improved speech, voice, image

video recognition will change
the way interact with
ourdevices

• Personal assistants will

become more personal and
context aware
• More and more systems will
run autonomously to a point
 Presentation Overview
• Definition of robotics
• Robotics’ relevance to AI
• Current developments in the
field
• Current implementations
• Past successes in robotics
• Roadblocks to robotics research
• Future of robotics
 Definition of Robotics
A robot is…

“An active artificial agent whose environment is the

physical world”
--Russell and Norvig

“A programmable, multifunction manipulator designed

to move material, parts, tools or specific devices
through variable programmed motions for the
performance of a variety of tasks”
--Robot Institute of America
 Effectors
 Sensors
 Architecture
 Integration of various inputs
◦ Hierarchy of information representation
 Emotions
 Effectors
Effector vs. Actuator
Degrees of freedom (d.f.)
6 d.f. for free body in space
Locomotion
Statically stable vs.
Dynamically stable
Manipulation
Rotary vs. Prismatic motion
End Effector
Four-finger Utah/MIT hand
 Force-sensing
 Tactile-sensing
 Sonar
 Visual (camera)
 Proprioceptive Robot with camera
attached
  Classical architecture
◦ shortcomings
 Behavior-based architecture
Reason about behavior of objects

Identify objects
Sensors Actuators
Build maps

Avoid objects

Design for a behavior-based mobile robot

(adapted from Fig 25.10 in AIMA)
 Emotions
 Energy-efficiency
 Integration
◦ Hierarchy of information representation
 Control structures
◦ Synthesis of neural nets and fuzzy logic
 Robotic surgery
◦ Telepresence
 Robot perception
◦ Face and object recognition
 Emotions help prevent people from repeating
their mistakes (decisions that resulted in
negative feelings)
 Recognizing emotions would allow robots to
become more responsive to users’ needs
 Exhibiting emotions would help robots
interact with humans
 Decides proper emotional
response to stimuli and
exhibits corresponding
facial expression, body
posture, and vocal quality
 Behavioral response
serves either social or
self-maintenance
functions
Kismet smiling
 Small electric pump
transfers 100cm3 of
oil from an external
bladder to its
reservoir, making
Seaglider dense
enough to sink
 To dive, small motor
pushes battery pack
into nose
 Process is reversed to
ascend
Seaglider’s diving process
 Industrial robots
◦ used in factories to
manufacture boxes and
pack and wrap merchandise
 Car manufacturers own
50% of today’s robots
 Robots used in hazardous
situations
◦ Nuclear power plants
◦ Response to bomb threat
◦ Outer space exploration Robotic arm arranging
chocolates
 Honda’s Asimo (Advanced
Step in Innovative Mobility)
 Able to walk freely (can
change stride speed)
 Able to balance on one foot
 Able to climb stairs
 Able to manipulate objects
 Space- & cost-efficient

Honda’s Asimo
 Based on visual cues
such as the angle and
distance at which it
perceives an object
 Can map an object's
contour and compare it
to a database of
prototypes for different
expressions and actions
 Is currently limited to
pre-registered people ASIMO making measurements
 Sensing
 Vision
 Mobility
 Design
 Control
 Reasoning
 Sensing  Vision
◦ Cost of tactile sensors ◦ Two methods
very high  Corner recognition
◦ Range Limits  Edge recognition
 Light – 2 meters ◦ Overlap of objects
 Required(factory) – 10 ◦ Visibility of local
meters features
 Control  Reasoning
◦ Simulation is not ◦ AI (an essential
accurate to real world component of
interaction robotics) has slowly
been introduced into
◦ Based on industrial world
mathematical and ◦ Further refinement in
numerical this field before faster
computations progress of robotics
 Downsizing  Greater intelligence
◦ More user-friendly
◦ Reduction in power interface
needs and size
 More environmentally
 Synergism friendly
◦ Robots easy to
◦ Greater integration of disassemble and
technologies destroy
◦ Easily reusable or
degradable parts
 Design robots to
recognize presence,
posture, and gaze
 Develop viable social
exchange between
robots and humans
 Design systems that
can learn via
reinforcement
Any questions?
You can find me at:
abhisheksingh_66@yahoo.in

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