PHYSICS

Science Grade 9
 PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER

ALL MATTER IS MADE UP OF TINY PARTS THAT ARE ALWAYS

MOVING

Paper particle

A piece of paper gets wet with alcohol. Over time, the alcohol disappears
from the paper because the paper particles are constantly moving so they
“bump off” the alcohol particles.

Alcohol particle
 STATIC ELECTRICITY Static means not moving
or stationary

• INTERACTIONS: When two objects affect one another, they interact. Objects can repel or attract. The strength of
an electric interaction depends on the closeness of objects, or on how fast or how many times the objects are rubbed.
• CHARGING: Charging consists in exchanging small pieces of matter. When we rub objects together, so that they
interact, we are charging them.
• DISCHARGING: When the extra charge is removed from an object and it no longer interacts, the object is
discharged. An object gets discharged when we touch it, put water on it, or when air contacts it.

Small pieces of matter moves from

one object to another.
 ELECTRIC CHARGE

• POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE: When objects are rubbed together, one object becomes negatively
charged (B-tape), and the other one becomes positively charged (T-tape).

In this experiment, we stick to

pieces of tape together, and then + -
pull them apart fast, charging the
tapes by contact. We then bring + repel attract
objects (with different charges)
close to the 2 types of tape, to see - attract repel
how they interact with each other.
Charging by
contact
 STATIC ELECTRICITY

• NEUTRAL: Objects that are not charged are called neutral. Neutral objects are
made up of equal amount of positively and negatively charges.
• SOLID MATTER MODEL: Smal negatively charged particles called electrons
move. Positive particles called atoms, do not move.
NEUTRAL
• CHARGED DIAGRAMS: represents electrons, represents atoms. In NC= +6 -6 = 0
neutral matter we draw electrons and atoms overlapping. We call this neutral
combination charge pair. When a neutral objects gains electrons, we pair this
electrons with an atom ( ).
• CHARGE EQUATION: A charge equation shows how positive (atoms) and
negative charges (electrons) add up and give the total net charge of an object.
• UNITS OF CHARGE: A real objects consists of many billions of particles.
When we draw a single plus or minus sign in our sign diagrams, these symbols
represent a large group of positive or negative charges called units of charge. NEGATIVELY
CHARGED
NC= +6 -8 = -2
 SOLID MATTER MODEL
Spring Model Part Solid Matter Model Part Can it move?

Plasticine Electrons Yes

Plastic Sphere Atoms No

Spring Attraction between atoms No