ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF PILE

1
Basic Analysis for Single Floating Pile
P
What is a pile?

d
The pile is considered to be a cylinder,
of length L, shaft diameter d, and base L Soil modulus = ES
diameter db, and loaded with an axial Poisson’s ratio µs
force P at the ground surface in a elastic h Pile
Elasic modulus of
half-space.
pile
= EP
db

RIGID STRATUM
2
Basic Analysis for Single Floating Pile P

For the purposes of the analysis, the following

assumptions are made:
 The pile is acted upon by a system of uniform vertical
shear stresses p around the periphery
 The base is acted upon by a uniform vertical stress pb
EP ES, µs
 The sides of the pile are assumed to be rough. p
 The soil is initially considered to be an
homogeneous
ideal isotropic elastic half-space, having
Pb
elastic parameters Es and s
 The soil parameters are not influenced by
the d
presence of the pile.
 Unless otherwise stated, db will be taken to be equal to d.
Stresses on
 Basic Analysis for Single Floating Pile
P
In most of the elastic based analyses, the pile is divided into a
number of uniformly loaded elements,
A solution is obtained by imposing compatibility between the
displacements of the pile and the adjacent soil for each element
of the pile.
The displacements of the pile are obtained
p
considering the compressibility of the pile by
loading. under axial
The soil displacements are obtained in most cases by using
Mindlin’s equations for the displacements within a soil mass
caused by loading within the mass.
Pb

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 Basic Analysis for Single Floating Pile
Stress at point A, caused by a point load
P on surface [As per Boussinesq (1885)]

x
r

A
(x,y,z)
z
P 5
Basic Analysis for Single Floating Pile
P
Stress at point A, caused
Ground Surface by a point in the interior
of a semi infinite soild [As
per Mindlin (1936)]

x
r
P pn

A
(x,y,z)
z Pb
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 Basic Analysis for Single Floating Pile

 It is assumed, that the pile and soil are initially stress-free

 If conditions at the pile soil interface remain elastic and no slip occurs,
which implies that
 The movements of the pile and the adjacent soil must be equal.
 The shear stresses (p) are fictitious in that they represent tractions applied to the
boundaries of the imaginary surface in the half space representing the pile
surface, and are not necessarily the actual stresses acting on the real-pile surfaces.

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 Basic Analysis for Single Floating Pile
d P


pi 

𝜕𝜎
𝜎+
.𝛿 p
𝜎𝑧
Pile element
Once the values of p are determined, the actual
stresses and displacements they produce anywhere in the
half space, including the real pile boundaries, may be
calculated
Pb
Base stress p b will be those that satisfy this
Stresses in
condition of displacement
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compatibility. J J Mandal pile 8
 Basic Analysis for Single Floating Pile
P
In order to obtain a solution for the values of p, pb and the
displacement of the pile, it is necessary to obtain expressions for

The vertical displacement of the pile and the soil at each

element in terms of the unknown stresses on the pile, p
 Impose the compatibility condition, and
 Solve the resulting equations

Pb
Stresses in
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 Pile Displacement Equations
Area Ratio

The pile material is assumed to have a constant Young’s modulus Ep and area of
pile section Ap.
Ap
It is convenient to define the area ratio, R A
, as R A 
d 2 / 4
RA = ratio of area of pile section Ap to area bounded by outer
circumference of pile
For a solid pile, RA = 1.

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Pile stiffness factor

In calculating the displacement of the pile elements, only the axial

compression of the pile is considered.

Pile stiffness factor is defined as Ep RA

K E
s

K is a measure of the relative compressibility of the pile and the soil. The
more relatively compressible the pile, the smaller is the value of K.

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Pile Resting on a Stiffer Stratum Pile Displacement Equations

 Many piles are installed such that the tip bears on to a stratum that is
stiffer than the soil along the shaft of the pile
 Such piles are often designated as “end-bearing” or “point-bearing”,
 The results of several analyses and field and laboratory measurements have
shown that a significant proportion of the load may be transferred from the pile
shaft to the surrounding soil

 To analyze the behaviour of such piles, the analysis described in the preceding
section, for a floating pile, must be modified to allow for the effect of the stiffer
bearing stratum.

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 Theoretical Solutions for Settlement and Load Distribution

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 Estimation of pile-settlement

To enable rapid practical estimates of pile-settlement behaviour, it is useful to have

available dimensionless parametric solutions from which the effect of variations in
pile and soil properties can easily be determined.

We will discuss the use of such parametric solutions

The soil is assumed to be homogeneous, having constant elastic modulus

and Poisson’s ratio. The solutions are based on Mindlin’s equation

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 P Load transferred to Pile Tip

The proportion of load transferred to the pile tip, , is

expressed in terms of o for an incompressible floating pile in a
semi-infinite mass, multiplied by correction factors to take into
p account of
 Pile compressibility and
 Relative stiffness of the bearing stratum

Pb

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 Load transferred to Pile Tip
P For Floating Pile

 = 0 CK C

Where
 = Pb /P = proportion of applied load transfered to pile tip
0 = tip-load proportion for incompressible pile in uniform half-space
p
CK = Compressibility correction factor

C = Poisson’s ratio correction

factor
Pb
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 Load transferred to Pile Tip

0

L /d
Proportion of base
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12/17/2020 load, 0 J J Mandal
 Compressibility correction factor for base load, CK

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 Poisson’s ratio correction factor, C

C

s
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 Load transferred to Pile Tip
P For End bearing pile on stiffer stratum

 = 0 CK Cb C

Where
 = Pb /P = proportion of applied load transfered to pile tip
0 = tip-load proportion for incompressible pile in uniform half-space
p
CK = Compressibility correction factor
C = Poisson’s ratio correction factor

Cb = Correction factor for stiffness of bearing stratum

Pb Values of Cb can be obtained from available charts for various L/d ratio
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 Base modulus correction factor, Cb

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 Base modulus correction factor, Cb

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 Effect of presence of stiff stratum

 The load at the pile tip increases as the relative modulus of the
bearing stratum, Eb / Es, increases.
 The effects of the bearing stratum are more pronounced as K or L/d
increase

 The tip load may also be affected by other factors, such as

 the presence of enlarged bulbs along the pile,
 tapering of the pile, or the presence of a pile cap resting on the
soil surface.

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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE
P

 Settlement of the top of the pile can be

d
expressed in terms of the settlement of an
incompressible pile in a half-space, with
L
Elastic modulus correction factors
of soil ES Poisson’s
h  for the effects of pile compressibility and
ratio µs
other factors

Elastic modulus of
Pile pile, EP

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RIGID STRATUM
 SETTLEMENT OF PILE

For Floating Pile PI

 E d
S

ρ = settlement of the pile head Where I = I0RKRhR

P = applied axial load
I0 = settlement – influence factor for incompressible pile in semi-infinite
mass

RK = correction factor for pile compressibility

Rh = correction factor finite depth of layer on a rigid

base R = correction factor for soil’s poisson’s ratio

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h= total depth of soil layer
 SETTLEMENT OF PILE

I0

L /d
Settlement – Influence factor I0
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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE

RK

K
Compressibility correction factor for
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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE

Depth correction factor for settlement, Rh

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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE

Poisson’s ratio correction factor for settlement, R

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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE
Example

To describe the use of the simplified procedure, the case of a large bored
floating pile in clay will be considered.
The pile details are as follows:
Load on the pile P= 600kN
L = 12.2 m [shaft length = 11.1 m] d
= 0.61 m
db =1.2 m
Ep = 20.67 x 106 kN/m2

Average Es = 72400 kN/m2

vs = 0.5 (assumed undrained
conditions)

Determine the elastic

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settlement due to the appliedJ J Mandal
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 600kN SETTLEMENT OF PILE
Schematic Diagram

0.61m
L 12.2 ES = 72400 kN/m2, µs = 0.5
  20
12.2m
d 0.61 EP = 20.67106 kN/m2
db 1.2  2
 Very high Ep RA
d K 20106 1
Pile Es  72400
0.61
For a solid pile, RA = 1.
 285
1.2m

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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE

PI
 E d
S

ρ = settlement of the pile head

0.085
Where I = I0RKRhR

Determination of I0
For
and db/d = 2.0
L/d = 20

I0 = 0.085

Settlement – Influence factor I0

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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE
I = I0RKRhR

Determination of RK

For L/d = 20
and K = 285
20
RK
RK = 1.35

1.35

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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE
I = I0RKRhR
For a floating pile in a deep soil layer Rh = 1.0
Determination of R For s = 0.5, R = 1.0, for all values of K

Poisson’s ratio correction factor for settlement, R

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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE

I = I0RKRhR

I0 = 0.085 RK = 1.35 R = 1.0 R = 1.0

h

I = 0.085  1.35  1.0  1.0 = 0.11475

For Floating Pile PI 600  0.11475

 E d   72400  0.61
S

 1.5610 3 m  1.56mm

Hence the settlement of the pile top = 1.56mm

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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE
Exercise
A concrete pile (M25) of diameter 400mm is installed in a deep uniform soil deposit
underlained by a stiff strata as shown in the figure below. Estimate the elastic settlement
of the pile under a load of 500kN. Poisson’s ratio of the soil = 0.25
500kN

30m 20m
Es = 25000 kN/m2

Stiff stratum
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 SETTLEMENT OF PILE
Pile Resting on a Stiffer Stratum

When the piles are installed such that the tip bears on to a stratum that is stiffer
than the soil along the shaft of the pile.

Such piles are often designated as “end-bearing” or “point-bearing”,

The results of several analyses and field and laboratory measurements have shown
that a significant proportion of the load may be transferred from the pile shaft to
the surrounding soil.

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 Thank You

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