THE INTRODUCTION & OTHER

MAJOR PARTS OF RESEARCH

At the end of the lesson, learners will be able
to:

1.understand the methods in writing the

introduction
2.Know the parts of research paper and its
function
Parts of the Introduction:
Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Objectives of the Study

Significance of the Study

Scope and Delimitations

Definition of Terms
 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Gives an overview of the study
to inform the reader the
rationale and the essence of the
work
 Background of the
Study
Includes purpose and reason behind
the conduct of the study

What made you conduct the study?

Serves as the introduction to the

research paper
Inverted pyramid structure:
✓A deductive writing method that puts the essential information
first, which it follows with further detail
 Asthma is one of the most debilitating respiratory diseases. The delineation of its
aetiology in children is of particular importance because of this disease’s increasing
prevalence. During the last three decades, the incidence of asthma in children has continually
risen (Koff et al., 2004). For example, it has recently been estimated that by the age of
fourteen, 25% of all children in Australia will have suffered at least one asthmatic attack
Frame of (Krokodyal and Dundee, 2001).
Reference The reasons for the increasing prevalence of asthma are unclear. Several studies
have demonstrated that time spent indoors correlates strongly with the incidence of childhood
asthma (Ceeger and Neentendough, 1988), and Durstmeight (1990) has proposed that
prolonged exposure to household allergens could be important. But it has not yet been shown
definitively that indoor allergens are responsible. Recently, Ghetarlyfe (2003) has suggested
that it is decreased time spent outdorrs that is possibly that causative factor. In this as yet
untested scenario, it would be outdoor, not indoor, allergens that are responsible: children
might be getting fewer opportunities to develop insensitivity to agents such as pollen and
fungal spores that occasionally reach high densities, since they are not being exposed to
Pointer them at low levels. Thus, whether “indoor-time-associated” asthma , involves indoor or
Sentence for outdoor allergens, is an ongoing issue.
Selection
To address this question, the group of 5,000 children originally surveyed by Ceeger
and Neentendough (1988) were followed up. The approach of the study is to cross-correlate
the antibodies present in the children with antigens found in their indoor and outdoor
Elaboration environments, allows the identification of the likely source of the antigens that cause attacks
experienced by these children.
Landmark Sentence for Selection
 RESEARCH
PROBLEM/QUESTIONS
The main problem that the
researcher wants to answer or
solve
Statement of the Problem
and Research questions
The main problem that the research
is trying to solve

May take a number of forms: from

the very simple to the very complex

It determines every step that follows:

from the study design; the sampling
strategy, the research instrument;
and the type of analysis that can be
undertaken
Should fulfill the following
features:
• Research problem is clearly, precisely articulated.
• It clearly states the variables, population, and
research setting under study.
• Variables are expressed in measurable terms.
• The type of study also may be included in the
statement of the research problem.
Types of Research Questions:
• Categorize or name factors and situation
• What are the possible reasons for the low
Factor- grades in Mathematics?
isolating

• establish relationships between factors that

have been identified
Factor- • What relationship exists between gender and
relating anxiety level?
Types of Research Questions:
• Aims to see changes that might happen to one variable

Situation- when the other variable changes

• What is the effect of the changes in climate to the
relating behavior of animals living in the grass fields?

• Led to promote explicit course of action or conditions

under which a goal could be accomplished
Situation- • What appropriate classroom management technique
could be devised to maintain classroom cleanliness?
producing
Objectives of the Study
Outlines the overall purpose of
the study

Should be closely related to the

research problem

S M A R T (Specific, Measurable,
Attainable, Realistic, and Time-
bounded)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
• Goals that the researcher sets to obtain from his
study or wanted to achieve through this study

• Expected solution to problems

• SHOULD be clear and specific

CATEGORISATION OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
General Objective (main objective)
Overall statement of the goal of the study

Specific Objective (sub-objectives)

Specific aspects of the topic that the researcher wants to investigate
within the main framework of his study

Use action-oriented verbs while writing objectives (e.g. to

determine; to find out; to ascertain; to measure; to explore; to
calculate; to analyze, etc.)
An assessment on the effect of internet usage on
the behavior pattern among SHS students from
Manila
General Objective: To assess the effect of internet usage on the
behavior pattern among SHS students

Specific Objectives:
• To determine the level of internet usage among SHS students
• To assess the effect of internet usage on the behavior pattern of SHS
students
• To determine the extent of relationship between internet usage and
behavior pattern of SHS students
• To associate the findings with selected socio-demographic variables
Example objectives from studies that require
operational definitions:
❖To find out the number of
children living below poverty line
in the Philippines.
❖To measure the effectiveness of
a retraining programme designed
to help young people.
Concept Population
to be to be
studied Poverty line studied Children
• What • Who would you
constitutes consider a
poverty line? child?

Effectiveness The young

• What • Who would you
constitutes consider a
effectiveness? young person?
A study on the relationship between fertility
and mortality
• Fertility and Mortality
Step 1
(Identify)

• Trends in fertility and mortality

• Determinants of fertility behavior
Step 2 • Relationship between fertility and mortality
(Dissect) • Impact of health services on mortality

• Relationship between fertility and mortality

Step 3
(Select)
A study on the relationship between fertility
and mortality
• What happens to fertility when mortality declines?
• What is the time lag between the start of decline in mortality
Step 4 and start of decline in fertility?
(Raise Questions) • What are the factors that contribute to the decline in fertility?

• Main Objective: To explore the relationship between fertility and mortality

• Specific Objectives:
• To find out the extent of decline in fertility in relation to the decline in mortality
• To ascertain the time lag between the decline in mortality and the decline in fertility
Step 5 • To identify the factors that affect the changes in fertility
(Formulate • To explore the relationship between socioeconomic-demographic characteristics of the population and the
Objectives) extent of changes in fertility and mortality
A study on the relationship between
fertility and mortality
• Assess the objectives in the light of :
• work involved
• timeframe of study financial
Step 6 • resources
(Make Sure) • technical expertise

• Interest in the study

• Agree with the objectives
Step 7 • Adequacy of resources
• Availability of technical expertise
(Double-check)
 Significance of the Study

Why conduct the study?

Identifies who will benefit from the

research and how they will be
benefitted

This will state the contribution of

your study and the usefulness of
your study in the society
 Scope and Delimitations

Determines the coverage of the

study

Identifies ALL the things

(variables, subjects, other
factors/nuances) that it will NOT
cover in order to be clear and
specific
 Limitations vs Delimitations

Limitations – conditions beyond

the control of the researcher

Delimitations – conditions that

the researcher purposely
controlled
 Definition of Terms
• Referred as working definitions or
operational definitions

• Definition of concepts that are used in the

study either in the research problem
and/or identifying the study population in
a measurable form
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• Essentially a declarative statement of how you
expect the research to turn out
• Possible answer to your research question

NOTE: It is good practice to ensure that your

research topic, research problem, research
question, and hypothesis use consistent language
regarding variables and any anticipated outcomes.
 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Research Hypotheses:
• It is the basis of the investigation

Null Hypotheses:
• hypothesis of no difference, hypothesis of
no significant relationship
Alternative Hypotheses:
• hypothesis of difference, hypothesis of
significant relationship
RESEARCH QUESTION: Do general education
teachers evaluate student homework differently
than special education teachers, based on five
criteria?

POSSIBLE HYPOTHESIS: General education and

special education teachers evaluate student
homework significantly different on each of five
given criteria.
A study on the smoking pattern in a community in
relation to gender differentials
The following hypotheses could be constructed:

• There is no significant difference in the proportion of

male and female smokers in the study population.

• A greater proportion of females than males are smokers

in the study population.

• A total of 60 percent of females and 30 percent of males

in the study population are smokers.

• There are twice as many female smokers as male

smokers in the study population.
As Qualitative studies are
characterized by an emphasis on
describing, understanding, and
exploring phenomena using
categorical and subjective measures,
construction of hypotheses is neither
practiced nor advocated.
 Parts of a
research paper
 TO D AY ’ S O B J E C T I V E S :

 Identify the different parts of a research paper

 Know how to write the different parts of a research paper

Major Parts of the Research Paper
The Introduction

The Review of Related Literature

The Research Methodology

Results and Discussion

Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation

Other Parts
Title Page

Table of Contents / List of Tables, Figures, Appendices

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Bibliography

Appendices
I. THE INTRODUCTION
• Background
• nature of research
problem
• importance of topic
• newness of the
research
- Establishes background of the topic or problem

- Emphasizes importance / objectives of the

study

- Indicates existing GAPS in knowledge

- Research questions

- Research impediment
 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Will serve as the foundation of your research

Data written here are taken from journals and
other reference materials, BUT you should
NOT directly lift words from other sources
Requires skills in summarizing, paraphrasing
and writing indirect speeches
III. THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
States the kind of research approach used by your study
-- (answers why the method used is appropriate for the
study)
• Description of Research Instrument – your questionnaire
• Respondents (who they are, what their profile is, where they are from,
population etc.)
• Organisms involved and where and how they will be procured
• Data Gathering Procedure – narrates the process undergone by the
study that eventually leads to the findings
• Statistical Treatment Applied – statistical treatment that you will use
including your sampling method and formulas
 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• States main findings or results, the argument, or what
was accomplished (presented in tables/charts/graphs,
etc.)
• Establishes interconnection between and among data
• Analyzes interprets or extends results, draws
inferences, points to applications or wider implications
• Checks for indicators whether hypotheses are
supported or not by findings
• States statistical descriptions in declarative sentences
 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,
RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Findings – summarizes the interpretation
of major data/findings discussed in Chapter 4

Conclusion – provides the answers for every

statement of the problem; this is where you will prove
your hypotheses and assumptions
 Recommendations
Includes the recommended
actions that should be done
after conducting the study

e.g. further assessment of the

subject, focus on other
factors, etc.)
TITLE PAGE
Title of the research paper

Complete name of the

author(s)

Date of completion
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contains the
accurate
paging of each
part of the
research
paper
 LIST OF
TABLES/FIGURES/APPENDICES

Contains the accurate paging of the

tables/figures used in the study
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A personal page where the
researchers are given the
privilege to extend gratitude to all
people who helped in
accomplishing the research
 ABSTRACT
Presents a brief summary
of your research

Aims to briefly provide the

reader with the most
important information from
the entire paper
Abstract
 Fully self-contained, capsule
description of the paper (300 words or
less)
Key elements
 Motivation
Include the importance of your work, the
difficulty
of the area, and the impact it might have
if
successful
 Problem statement
 Approach
Research methods and analytical tools
involved
 Results
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Presents a complete list
of your sources used in
the paper

Uses APA or MLA format

 APPENDICES
Attachments

e.g. survey questionnaires,

interview questions,
compositions of culture
media used, pictures of
experimental set-ups,
complete data for statistical
analyses, etc.