GEOSTUDIO - Modelling Final

ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS, ACE (PVT), LTD.
A Workshop on
Analysis & Design of Embankment Dams

Modelling and Simulations in GEOSTUDIO®
Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman
Chief Engineer (Geotechnical)
Dams and Hydropower (D&HP) Section
12 June 2023
Analysis & Design of Embankment Dams - Modelling and Simulations in GEOSTUDIO®
Outline
Embankment Dams
Complete Process – Inception to Completion
Analysis and Design requirements
GeoStudio software?
Software – Modelling and Simulations
Constitutive Models, Design parameters, and Simulation
Strategies
Working Examples – Routine procedures and ‘Next-Level’
EMBANKMENT DAMS
Typical cross-sections
? ? ?
?
EMBANKMENT DAMS
?
EMBANKMENT DAMS
?
?
?
EMBANKMENT DAMS
EMBANKMENT DAMS
Complete Process – 3 essential steps
Investigations
Analysis and Design
Construction
EMBANKMENT DAMS – ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
Two Main Components
Main Embankment
Abutments/Foundations/Rim/Reservoir bed
REQUIREMENTS
The Analytical Challenge
Retain surface water.
Limit water losses and pore-pressures
Internal drains or barriers to trap or collect seepage water or to dissipate
the hydraulic head
Ideal natural materials are not always available at the site.
Stable during
Construction, Operation, and Rapid Draw Down conditions
Both Static and Seismic regime
REQUIREMENTS
CONSTRUCTION
Construction Stages/Settlement Analysis (Layers, EoC)
OPERATION
Slope Stability & Seepage Analysis – Dam-Foundation & Dam-Abutment
Interfaces
First Impounding
Steady State Seepage (long-term)
Rapid Drawdown
Dynamic / Seismic
SOFTWARE FOR ANALYSIS DESIGN OF DAMS
GEOSTUDIO One of the Software for the purpose!
PLAXIS 2D/3D
ROCSCIENCE
UDEC/3DEC – Rock Embankments
GEO5
……..
GEOSTUDIO
SOFTWARE MODULES
SLOPE/WSlope Stability Analysis
SEEP/W Seepage Analysis
Dam Analysis and Design
SIGMA/WStress-strain/Settlement Analysis
QUAKE/WEarthquake/Dynamic Analysis
CTRAN/WContamination Transport
AIR/W Unsaturated zone Analysis
TEMP/W Thermal Analysis
GEOSTUDIO
Broad application to diverse geo-engineering and earth science
problems
Rigorous analytical capability
All kinds of Constitutive Models (LE, FD, and FE formulations)
Sophisticated product integration
Different modules can run in parallel
Combine geometries and analyses in a single project
Draw geometry directly or import CAD files
Solve multiple analyses simultaneously
Interpret results with visualization & graphics
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS
SOFTWARE – MODELLING & SIMULATIONS

BASICS
1. CONSTITUTIVE (BEHAVIOR) MODELS
2. GEOTECHNICAL BEHAVIOR DESIGN PARAMETERS
3. SIMULATION STRATEGIES
CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING
What ?
General Definition
In Physics or Engineering
A Mathematical Model that describes the Behavior of a Material.
Response of a Material to the External Stimuli or Fields
Stimuli: Stress, Environment, ………

Response: Strain, ……..
What ?
Soil Mechanics Definition
Relation between
Stresses Imposed and the resulting Deformation at a Macroscopic
Level
What ?
Concrete Rubber
Rubber
Constituents of the material are of utmost importance
General Behavior of a continuous body (continuum) is governed
by many laws irrespective of the material of the continuum
Unique Behavior of the Material
Constitutive equations or laws or models
What ?
Simplest form of Constitutive Law
Hooke’s Law - Elasticity
e = s /E
Material constants: n and E
What ?
Complex form of Constitutive Law
Plasticity ?
Permanent strains
What ?
Simplest form of Constitutive Law - Soils
Mohr-Coulomb Law
x
What ?
Simplest form of Constitutive Law - Soils
Mohr-Coulomb Law - Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Where ?
Closed Form Solutions
Finite Element Analysis

Terzaghi’s Bearing capacity equation – Shear Failure
Schmertmann – Settlement
A minimal set of parameters - Strength and Stiffness are predicted
Where ?
CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OC CLAYS/VERY

DENSE SAND
What ?
Mohr-Coulomb Law - Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
REAL BEHAVIOR
NC CLAYS/LOOSE
SAND
Soil Specific Behaviour

State of stress Change in pore fluid
Compressive-shear coupled strains Drained vs. Undrained
Residual or initial pressure Long vs. short term behavior
Volume change under shear (shear Dilatancy)
Swelling/shrinkage strains
Inherent and induced anisotropy (progressive failure)
Change in physical state
Why ?
Soil Specific Behaviour
CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING - COMPARISON
Constitutive (design) Parameters
1. Unconsolidated Undrained
2. Consolidated Undrained
3. Consolidated Drained
4. Dynamic Properties
5. Unsaturated/Saturated Permeability
6. Unsaturated Strength
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETERS

Constitutive (design) Parameters
All soil particles are frictional in nature – No cohesion!

Only f, no c!
No ‘c’ in Drained behaviour

Apparent ‘c’ is the manifestation/due to Undrained behavior
Sand, Gravels
Well graded
Poorly graded
Gap graded
……
SILT / CLAY
Free Water
‘Bonded’ Water
Double Layer Water Absorbed Water
Contact Water Soil Particle
Air
Air
Capillary Water
Dispersion & Flocculation
disp+defloc disp+floc disp+floc
agg+defloc agg+floc
agg+floc
agg+floc
Mixture of different Soil types - Structure
Fine-grained Matrix Coarse particles floating Coarse particles on contacts Coarse particles clothed
in fine-grained matrix in fine-grained matrix with fine-grained matrix
Compaction and Soil Fabric
Flocculated
• Fabric – orientation and
Dispersed
arrangement of particles
(clay); has influence on soil
behavior
• Soil fabric tends to be more
flocculated (random) for
compaction dry of optimum.
• Soil fabric tends to be more
dispersed (oriented) for
compaction wet of optimum.
MAN-MADE FABRIC/STRUCTURE
Engineering Behavior - Permeability
• Increasing the water content
results in a decrease in
permeability on the dry side of the
optimum moisture content and a
slight increase in permeability on
the wet side of optimum.
• Increasing the compactive effort
reduces the permeability since it
both increases the dry density,
thereby reducing the voids
available for flow, and increases
the orientation of particles.
s1
s1 – s3 Engineering Behavior - Strength
Samples compacted dry of
s3 optimum tend to be more
rigid and stronger than
samples compacted wet of
optimum
Engineering Properties - Summary
Dry side Wet side
Structure Flocculated Dispersed
Permeability More permeable Less permeable
Compressibility More compressible in More compressible in

high pressure range low pressure range
Swelling
Higher *Shrinks more
Strength Higher Lower

MAN-MADE FABRIC/STRUCTURE
U
U
C
U
C
D
cu
cu f
u
C′ f′
DESIGN PARAMETERS
DESIGN PARAMETERS
DESIGN PARAMETERS
DESIGN PARAMETERS
DESIGN PARAMETERS
DESIGN PARAMETERS
CLA
YS
SAND/
GRAVEL
Void ratio [-]
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS
Description USCS Specifi Reference
min max
c value
Well graded gravel, sandy gravel, with little
GW 0.26 0.46 [1],
or no fines
Poorly graded gravel, sandy gravel, with
GP 0.26 0.46 [1],
little or no fines
Silty gravels, silty sandy gravels GM 0.18 0.28 [1],
(GW-
Gravel 0.30 0.60 [2],
GP)
Clayey gravels, clayey sandy gravels GC 0.21 0.37 [1],
Glacial till, very mixed grained (GC) - - 0.25 [4 cited in 5]
Well graded sands, gravelly sands, with
SW 0.29 0.74 [1], [2],
little or no fines
Coarse sand (SW) 0.35 0.75 [2],
Fine sand (SW) 0.40 0.85 [2],
Poorly graded sands, gravelly sands, with
SP 0.30 0.75 [1], [2],
little or no fines
Void ratio [-]
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS
min max
c value
Silty sands SM 0.33 0.98 [1], [2],
Clayey sands SC 0.17 0.59 [1],
Inorganic silts, silty/clayey fine sands, with
ML 0.26 1.28 [1],
slight plasticity
Uniform inorganic silt (ML) 0.40 1.10 [3],
Inorganic clays, silty clays, sandy clays of
CL 0.41 0.69 [1],
low plasticity
Organic silts and organic silty clays of low
OL 0.74 2.26 [1], [3],
plasticity
Silty or sandy clay (CL-OL) 0.25 1.80 [3],
Inorganic silts of high plasticity MH 1.14 2.10 [1],
Inorganic clays of high plasticity CH 0.63 1.45 [1],
Soft glacial clay - - - 1.20 [4 cited in 5]
Stiff glacial clay - - - 0.60 [4 cited in 5]
Organic clays of high plasticity OH 1.06 3.34 [1], [3],
Void ratio [-]
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS
min max
c value
(OH-
Soft slightly organic clay - - 1.90 [4] cited in [5]
OL)
Peat and other highly organic soils Pt - - [4 cited in 5]
soft very organic clay (Pt) - - 3.00 [4] cited in [5]
REFERENCES
1.Swiss Standard SN 670 010b, Characteristic Coefficients of soils, Association of Swiss Road and Traffic
Engineers
2.Das, B., Advanced Soil Mechanics. Taylor & Francis, London & New York, 2008.
3.Hough, B., Basic soil engineering. Ronald Press Company, New York, 1969.
4.Terzaghi, K., Peck, R., and Mesri, G., Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. Wiley, New York, 1996.
5.Obrzud R. & Truty, A.THE HARDENING SOIL MODEL - A PRACTICAL GUIDEBOOK Z Soil.PC
100701 report, revised 31.01.2012
UNSATURATED ZONE - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

During Construction
Pore Pressures ?
Fabric and Structure ?
Pore Water and Pore Air Pressures

Pore Water and Pore Air Pressures

Steady State Seepage and Excessive Rainfall
Seepage through
Unsaturated Zone
Saturated Soil
Contractile Skin
2-Phases Soil Solids
Unsaturated Soil
4 ?-Phases
Water
Air
 SURFACE TENSION
 What is Surface Tension ?
 Imbalanced Forces at the surface
 Air-Water Interface (Contractile Skin)

has Surface Tension
Soil Solids
Volume-
Water
Mass
Air Relations
Air-Water Interface
(Contractile Skin) Some Behaviors
Saturated Soils
st = si + satt - srep + uo + Duw

st
Effective Stress
s' = st - uw
Effective Stress for Unsaturated Soils
CHANGE st = si + satt - srep + uw + ua

?
Air
Water
Solid Particles
UNSATURATED SOILS
CONSTRUCTION – LAYERS/SETTLEMENT
CONSTRUCTION IN LAYERS
Layers?
XX
X
X XX
?
?
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – CONSTRUCTION STAGES

Construction in Layers



Settlement
Profile
Settlement & Stresses
Cu and E variation

Change in Cu and E

Settlement – CL and Ground Surface
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS
RAPID DRAWDOWN
3 CASE STUDIES
2 FAILURES AND 1 AVOIDED
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – RAPID DRAWDOWN
(MULTI-STAGE METHOD)
Example 1 – The Walter Bouldin Dam (1975) Alabama USA - Model
Example 1 – The Walter Bouldin Dam - Results
Example 2 – The Pumped Storage Project Dam (1980) USA - Model
Example 2 – The Pumped Storage Project Dam - Results
Example 3 – The Pilarcitos Dam (1969) California USA - Model
Example 3 – The Pilarcitos Dam
- Results
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS
EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS
BASICS
Site Response
Seismic Activity Attenuation Relation

1.0E+01
Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration [g]

Abrahamson & Silva, 1997
Mean(NS+EW)
1.0E+00
1.0E-01
1.0E-02
1.0E-03
1 10 100 1000
Shortest Distance to Rupture Plane [Km]
FIGURE 9: SEISMIC ANALYSIS – ATTENUATION RELATION

Earthquake Site Specific
Seismogram Response
FIGURE 10: SEISMIC ANALYSIS – SITE RESPONSE

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE SHAKING

Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE)
Maximum Possible Earthquake (Deterministic or 10,000
Probabilistic)
Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE)

MCE & Human Risk (No loss of life) – Liquefaction, etc.
Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE)

Keeps operating, only minor damages (RP 145 years or 50% prob
Design Earth for Appurtenant Structures
in 100 years)
(DBE)
For the design of structures (RP 475 years)

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS

DYNAMIC PARAMETERS
DYNAMIC PARAMETERS
LIQUEFACTION
?
DYNAMIC PARAMETERS - TESTS
Resonant Column
Cyclic Triaxial
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS
EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS – EXAMPLES

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Upper San Fernando Dam – Southern California – 1971 (6.6 on Richter Scale)
Slope Failure

Upper San Fernando Dam

Upper San Fernando Dam – Cross-section

Upper San Fernando Dam – Movements in the Dam

Upper San Fernando Dam – Pore water response from Piezometer

Upper San Fernando Dam - Model

Upper San Fernando Dam – Margin of Safety before Earthquake

Upper San Fernando Dam
- Earthquake

Upper San Fernando Dam – Excess Pore Pressure after Earthquake

Upper San Fernando Dam – Liquefaction at the end of Earthquake

Upper San Fernando Dam - Margin of Safety after Earthquake

Upper San Fernando Dam – Movement / Settlement Direction

Upper San Fernando Dam –Settlement / Deformation
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

SLOPE/W VS. SIGMA/W
WHICH ONE IS PREFERABLE?
ALL PREVIOUS CASE STUDIES – SLOPE/W!
FOS > 1 (FAILURE?)
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – CASE STUDY ON FEM VS
LEM
Paper on
“Use of Finite Element Techniques for the Slope Stability Analysis of
Earthen Dam and Reservoir Embankment ” by Habib-ur- Rehman (2005)
Presented at
First National Seminar on Geotechnical Aspects of Hydropower Projects
Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology,
Lahore, Pakistan, 26, February 2005.
Slope Stability Analysis - FEM vs. LEM

SIGMA/W vs. SLOPE/W
SLOPE MODELS
Model No. 1
Highly Weathered
SANDSTONE Height = 35m
Angle = 45 deg.
Highly Weathered
SHALE
SANDSTONE
FEM: Elasto-Plastic Model
LEM: Mohr-Coulomb Model
SLOPE MODELS
Model No. 2
Angle = 45 deg.
SHALE
SANDSTONE
FEM: Strain-Softening Model
SLOPE MODELS
Model No. 3
Angle = 45 deg.
SHALE
Soft SHALE
SANDSTONE
FEM: Elasto-Plastic Model
ANALYSIS RESULTS
Model No. 1
ANALYSIS RESULTS
Model No. 1 (Limit Equilibrium Analysis)
FOS=0.96
ANALYSIS RESULTS
100% Gravity Load

ANALYSIS RESULTS
110% Gravity Load

ANALYSIS RESULTS
115% Gravity Load

ANALYSIS RESULTS
120% Gravity Load

ANALYSIS RESULTS
Model No. 2
ANALYSIS RESULTS
Model No. 2 (based on Peak Values)
FOS=5.99
ANALYSIS RESULTS
Model No. 2 (based on Residual Values)
FOS=0.94
100% Gravity Load

115% Gravity Load

130% Gravity Load

145% Gravity Load

160% Gravity Load

175% Gravity Load

200% Gravity Load

215% Gravity Load

230% Gravity Load

245% Gravity Load

ANALYSIS RESULTS
Model No. 2
240% Gravity Load

ANALYSIS RESULTS
Model No. 3
ANALYSIS RESULTS
Model No. 3 (Limit Equilibrium Analysis)
FOS=3.40
ANALYSIS RESULTS
70% Gravity Load
Model No. 3
ANALYSIS RESULTS
75% Gravity Load
Model No. 3
ANALYSIS RESULTS
80% Gravity Load
Model No. 3
ANALYSIS RESULTS
90% Gravity Load
Model No. 3
ANALYSIS RESULTS
100% Gravity Load
Model No. 3
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS - SUMMARY
1. Geostudio is one of the-state-of-the-art software for the solution of

problems related to embankment dams
2. It can simulate all the processes during Construction and
Operation phases of the embankment dams
3. It is a bit limited (may not for the problem under discussion) as it
has 2D formulations only, any problem with 3D effects would be
difficult to model
QUESTIONS

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ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS, ACE (PVT), LTD.

Analysis & Design of Embankment Dams

Complete Process – 3 essential steps

Two Main Components

SOFTWARE FOR ANALYSIS DESIGN OF DAMS

GEOSTUDIO One of the Software for the purpose!

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS

SOFTWARE – MODELLING & SIMULATIONS

Stimuli: Stress, Environment, ………

Closed Form Solutions

CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OC CLAYS/VERY

Soil Specific Behaviour

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN PARAMETERS

All soil particles are frictional in nature – No cohesion!

No ‘c’ in Drained behaviour

Dispersion & Flocculation

disp+defloc disp+floc disp+floc

Mixture of different Soil types - Structure

Compaction and Soil Fabric

Permeability More permeable Less permeable

Compressibility More compressible in More compressible in

Strength Higher Lower

UNSATURATED ZONE - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Pore Water and Pore Air Pressures

Pore Water and Pore Air Pressures

 Imbalanced Forces at the surface

 Air-Water Interface (Contractile Skin)

st = si + satt - srep + uo + Duw

CHANGE st = si + satt - srep + uw + ua

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – CONSTRUCTION STAGES

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – CONSTRUCTION STAGES

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – CONSTRUCTION STAGES

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – CONSTRUCTION STAGES

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – CONSTRUCTION STAGES

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – CONSTRUCTION STAGES

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS

Seismic Activity Attenuation Relation

Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration [g]

Shortest Distance to Rupture Plane [Km]

FIGURE 9: SEISMIC ANALYSIS – ATTENUATION RELATION

FIGURE 10: SEISMIC ANALYSIS – SITE RESPONSE

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE SHAKING

For the design of structures (RP 475 years)

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS

DYNAMIC PARAMETERS - TESTS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS

EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS – EXAMPLES

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

GEOSTUDIO AND DAMS

SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS