NAVIGATION

INSTRUMENTS WITH
COMPASSES
NAVIGATION?
 NAVIGATION
IT IS A SCIENCE AND AN ART OF
DIRECTING THE VESSEL FROM
ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, INTO
A SAFEST, SHORTEST AND
MOST CONVENIENT ROUTE
WITHIN THE LEAST POSSIBLE
TIME.
 3 BRANCHES OF NAVIGATION
 TERRESTRIAL NAVIGATION

 CELESTIAL NAVIGATION

 ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION
TERRESTRIAL
NAVIGATION
Is the method in which the position of the ship is
determined through the observation of
terrestrial objects. These terrestrial objects
include aids to navigation, land marks and even
man-made structures.
 AIDS TO
NAVIGATION BY
TERRESTRIAL
OBJECTS
Lighthouse
Mountains / Landmass
Buoy
Fixed Buoy
CELESTIAL
NAVIGATION
Is the method in which the position of the ship is
determined through the observation of celestial
objects, such as sun, moon, stars and planets.
SEXTANT
instrument for determining the angle
between the horizon and a celestial
body such as the Sun, the Moon, or a
star, used in celestial navigation to
determine latitude and longitude. The
device consists of an arc of a circle,
marked off in degrees, and a movable
radial arm pivoted at the centre of the
circle.
 NAVIGABLE STARS
There are billions of stars in the sky, most of which
are so far away that you cannot see them. In fact,
. according to the Bright Star Catalogue, there are
only around 9096 stars with sufficient brightness for
you to see with the naked eye.
Of those, fewer than 100 are sufficiently bright and
distinctive enough to be useful for celestial
navigation.
 NAVIGABLE STARS
Stars that can reliably be used for celestial
navigation are listed within the daily pages of
. Nautical Almanacs. There are usually 57 stars
listed, but we also include Polaris on our list as it
is so helpful that special celestial navigation
techniques can be used.
Polaris Procyon
Alpheratz Pollux Kochab
Ankaa Avior Alphecca
Schedar Suhail Antares
Diphda Miaplacidus Atria
Achernar Alphard Sabik
Hamal Regulus Shaula
Acamar Dubhe Rasalhague
Menkar Denebola Eltanin
Mirfak Gienah Kaus Australis
Aldebaran Acrux Vega
Rigel Gacrux Nunki
Capella Alioth Altair
Bellatrix Spica Peacock
Elnath Alkaid Deneb
Alnilam Hadar Enif
Betelgeuse Menkent Alnair
Canopus Arcturus Fomalhaut
Sirius Rigil Kentaurus Markab
AdharaP Zubenelgenubi
WHERE CAN YOU FIND LISTS OF
NAVIGATIONAL STARS?
Navigational stars are
listed
. within the daily
pages of a nautical
almanac. Different
almanacs do give slightly
differing lists.
ELECTRONIC
NAVIGATION
Is the method in which the position of the ship is
determined through the help of electronic
equipments such as radar, ecdis and so on.
ELECTRONIC
NAVIGATION
Is the method in which the position of the ship is
determined through the help of electronic
equipments such as radar, ecdis and so on.
ELECTRONIC
NAVIGATION
The main aim of electronic navigation is to
enhance navigation safety of the ships while
simultaneously reducing the burden on
navigational officers.
ELECTRONIC
NAVIGATION
Moreover, global standardization of such
systems would reduce complexity in ship’s
operation and substantially improve safety at
the sea.
‘

EARTH
EARTH
 The shape of the earth is that of an “oblate spheroid”

 Its equatorial axis measures 6,88o.21 Nm. A little bit

longer than its polar axis which measures 6,586.77
Nm.
 For practical purpose of navigation, the earth is
assumed to be a perfect sphere.
GALILEO GALILEI FERDINAND MAGELLAN
PROOFS ABOUT THE ROTUNDITY
OF THE EARTH

 it is circum-
navigable.
PROOFS ABOUT THE ROTUNDITY
OF THE EARTH

 when a ship
sails out into the
sea, it disappears
gradually.
PROOFS ABOUT THE ROTUNDITY
OF THE EARTH

 as one travels north or

south, the stars ahead
rise higher in the sky
and those behind drop
lower
PROOFS ABOUT THE ROTUNDITY
OF THE EARTH

 during lunar eclipse, the

shadow of the earth on
the moon appears round.
PROOFS ABOUT THE ROTUNDITY
OF THE EARTH

 The time of sunrise and

sunset are different in other
places.
THE CIRCLES OF THE EARTH

AXIS
is the diameter about
which the earth rotates
diurnally from west to
east
THE CIRCLES OF THE EARTH

GEOGRAPHICAL POLES
are the points of intersection of
the axis and the surface of the
earth, further designated as the
North Pole (Pn) and the South
Pole (Ps).
THE CIRCLES OF THE EARTH

MERIDIANS
are great circles on the
surface of the earth, whose plane
passes through the poles.
THE CIRCLES OF THE EARTH

EQUATOR
is a great circle halfway between
the poles, whose plane is perpendicular
to the axis of the earth. This is the great
circle that divides the earth into two
hemisphere.
THE CIRCLES OF THE EARTH

LATITUDE
is defined as the angular distance
NORTH or SOUTH of the equator,
measured along a meridian from 00
degree at the equator, up to 90 degrees
at the pole.
THE CIRCLES OF THE EARTH

LONGITUDE
is defined as the angular distance
EAST or WEST of the Prime Meridian,
measured from 00 degree at the Prime
Meridian, up to 180 degrees.