HISTORICAL PRESPECTIVE OF

MICROBIOLOGY

PRESENTED BY,
MRS.V.MONICA M.SC.,M.Phil .,B.Ed
MICROBIOLOGY
Assistant professor
 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
SYNOPSIS
 INTRODUCTION
 3 PHASES

-DISCOVERY PHASE
.ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK
-TRANSITIONAL PHASE
. FRANCESCO REDI(THE FLY EXPERIMENT)
.LAZARO SPALLANZANI(HEATING
CHALLENGE)
. JOHN NEEDHAM(VITAL/VEGETATIVE)
-GOLDEN PHASE
.ROBERT KOCH
.LOUIS PASTEUR
 INTRODUCTION
 Microbes are invisible to eye

 Father of Microbiology
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

 Father of Modern Microbiology

Louis Pasteur
 Divided into 3 phases
1. Discovery 2. transitional
3. Golden phases
1. DISCOVERY PHASES
 Observe & describe
microbes.
 Antony van Leeuwenhoek
 Construct simple microscope

–composed double convex

lens- btn 2 silver plates
 Magnification – 50 to

200times –Illuminate liquid

specimen – btn 2 pieces of
glasses.
 Form dark field , made

bacteria clearly visible

Cont..

 Describe - very little animalculs ( free- living

protozoa

 Antony Van Leeuwenhoek – Father of

Microbiology and Father of Protozoology.

 Form as Rods, cocci and Spirals

 2.TRANSITIONAL PHASE
Francesco Redi- The fly experiment (1626-1697)

 Italian physicians
(spontaneous generation)
 He carried out decaying

meat –able to produce

maggots
 3 containers

One was uncovered

2nd was covered with
( paper/cork)
3rd was covered with
fine gauze.
Cont…

 Flies laid their eggs – uncovered meat and

maggots was develop.

 It attracted to gauze covered container and laid

their eggs on the gauze &paper, did not produce
maggots.

 Concluded:
 Maggots and flies doesn’t come from the
meat , but from the eggs left on the meat by other
flies
Lazaro Spallanzani – The Heating challenge
(1729-1799)  Italian priest
 Found – sealed flask contain
infusion (H2O +SEED)
Heat for 1 hour
shown
No Cloudiness
 Proposed – air carried germs

in infusion.
 Maintain that heating the air

insealed flask destroy its

ability to support life
3. John Needham: vital/ vegetative
force(1713- 1782)  1748- English Priest
 spontaneous generation
 He Boiled Mutton /chicken

broth – tightly sealed the

flask.
 Many of the flask becomes

cloudy and contain microbes

 organic matter
 confer: non-living –present,

when boiling destroy

microbes / others living
cells
 3. GOLDEN PHASE
 Began from 1860 and continued till 1910.
 Important persons are

 LOUIS PASTEUR
 ROBERT KOCH
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1898)
 Fatherof Modern
Microbiology
 Professor of chemistry –

University of Lilli
 Produce a consistently good

product of wine and beer.

2 types
a. Germ theory of
Fermentation
b. Germ theory of Immunization
Germ theory of Fermentation
 Worked on Ethanol
fermentation –sour wine
 He spoiled beer –lactic acid

bacteria – contaminated the

wine and produced sour
taste in the wine.
 Use Control measure for

pasteurization was applied

for wine
 Preserve for long time
 DEFINTION FOR PASTEURIZATION
 It means Heating of milk or other liquids to moderate
temperature for a definite time which kills the most
pathogenic bacteria at a temperature range of 62.8°C for
30 min .
 Applied in Dairy industry to preserve milk and milk

products.
 2types:
 Aerobes : organism can grow –presence of oxygen
 Anaerobes : Organism can grow –Absence of oxygen.
GERM THEORY OF IMMUNISATION
 He state – during the

growth – bacteria loss its

virulence(harmless/poison)
of causing disease.
 Found – silk worm disease

( France –silk worm

industry –Peoprene )
 Disease of Cattle –

Anthrax (rod-shaped
bacteria)
 Bacillus anthracis
 Attenuation and vaccine

 A vaccine against a viral disease can be made

from an attenuated(thin), less virulent strain of
the virus, a virus capable of stimulating an
immune response and creating immunity but not
causing illness.
 Attenuated culture - Latin word Vacca means

cow
vaccine : It is alive or attenuated preparation of
microorganism on their products used for
immunization.
Cont..
 1.Pure culture of chicken  2. Fresh virulent culture of
cholera bacteria (8 weeks chicken cholera
old)

Chicken A inoculated
Chicken A Chicken not
Chicken remains healthy Inoculated

Interval of some weeks (reinoculate)

chicken Chicken
Remains dies
Healthy
RABIES VACCINES

 Pasteur next prepare

Rabies vaccine
 He tried 9 Yrs old boy

“Joseph Mister”- Bitten

by a rapid dog &
survived after
vaccination
Cont..
Saliva from Mad dog

Injected into rabbit

Occurred and dies

Extract Brain and Spinal cord attenuated

Injected into rabies patient

Patient recovered
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
 Father of Medical Microbiology
 German Physician- study of

etiology of anthrax disease

 Identify in Human –TB

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Identify the anthrax – Animals

(cattle)
Bacillus anthracis
 Identified -Pure culture techniques
Staining techniques
 Study of bacteria
 Found smear bacteria

on a clean glass slide

 Add certain dyes
 Individual cells can be

formed & view under

Microscope
 Different forms of

Bacteria (cocci, rods

and spirals)
GELATIN
 Definition for Colonies
 Definition:  Used potato surface (moist
He added gelatin and surface)
other solidifying materials
such as agar to media in Bacteria were cultured
order to obtain isolated
spread
growth of bacteria called
Growth of organism and
Colonies
formed isolated colony

Solidifying agent (digested

and melted temperature
28°C
NUTRIENT MEDIA
CONT…
 Preparation of several nutrient combination for
the growth
 Meat and protein digest (Nutrient source)
 Result: Develop Nutrient Agar(NA) &Nutrient

Broth (NB)
 1882, he used to isolate the Bacillus that caused

TB (Tuberculosis)
KOCH POSTULATES
1. Specific single
organism –found
given disease- not
be present in healthy
individuals.
2. Organism must be
isolated in pure
culture in lab from
the diseased animal
Cont..
 3.This pure  4.It must be
culture must possible to
produce the reisolate the
disease when organism in pure
inoculated into a culture from the
susceptible animal experimentally
infected animals.
Elie Metchnikoff
 Father of Immunology and
also Nobel Prize
 Observed Phagocytic cell

in Daphnia (water flea)

that ingest and destroy the
yeast.
 Suggest inflammation

might infact be a protective

rather than destructive
process.
 forms cellular immunity
Alexander Fleming
 Father of Antibiotics
 1st drug –The Pencillin
 Trained Bacteriologist,

student of Almorth
wright – cultivate
various bacteria in
petridishes –laid out on
table of his lab.
 one of the petridish was

contaminated with fungi

CONT….
 Appeared something is secreted by the fungi.
 Prove: Dead to the germs & had killed all of

them.
 Fungi - Identified as Pencillium notatum
 Hypothesis : Mold secretion can kill

Staphylococci.
 He injected this fungal juice into lab mice

infected with Staphylococci.

 Microorganisms are completely killed.
 Fleming named the fungal juice as Penicillin
JOSEPH LISTER
 Father of Antiseptic surgery
 Professor (Glasgow Roal

infirmary)
 Work –Paster & antiseptic

techniques (1867) –
mortality (death rate)/
morbidity (affect illness)
 Involve - carbolic acid
EDWARD JENNER
 Born – Berkeley, England –may
17 -1749
 Studied under Daniel Ludlow
 Studied – surgeon
 father of Immunology
 Discovered – cure of small pox
 SMALL POX -OVERVIEW
 Very contagious – scabs are gone
 Rash - cover (whole body)
 High fever
 Only cure (VACCINATION)

 SCIENTIFIC METHODS :
 OBSERVATIONS : Milkmaids never got smallpox
 HYPOTHESIS : Cowpox – cure small pox
 EXPERIMENTS : Using cowpox – vaccination

(small pox)
 Conclusions : True
 HELPING THE WORLD
 Led to vaccines – common
 Saved millions of people
 1st disease – eradicated
 Edward Jenner (1749-1823 )- FATHER OF

MEDICINE
 DIAGNOSTIC METHOD – TB:
 Mantoux test * blood test
Acid-fast , * Imaging
 Serology, * Sputum test
PAUL EHRLICH
 1854-1915 – FATHER
OF
CHEMOTHERAPHY
 German scientist
 Contributions:

* study of cells &

tissue functions.
* Acid –fast – tubercle
bacillus
* side-chain theory –AB
Production
cont

 Salvarasan – an
arsenical cpd –
“MAGIC BULLET”
 Capable – destroy

spirocheate of syphilus
 later – discovered –

“NEOSALVARASAN “
& new medicine- known
as CHEMOTHERAPY
 Standard toxin &

antitoxin (neutralize
with specific toxin)
THANK
THANKYOU
YOU