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ANPS 020 Cornbrooks 02-14-14
ANPS 020 Cornbrooks 02-14-14
1
Objectives: Digestive System
• Understand the digestive system is a series of tubes with
different epithelia and cells = mouth to the anus
• Describe the 4 layers in the tubes (mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, adventitia or serosa
• Describe the structure and functions of each organ:
mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine,
and large intestine.
• Describe the structure and function of the accessory
organs (salivary, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder)
• Understand and describe the control mechanisms:
– nervous system (intrinsic and extrinsic) and
– hormonal – paracrine and endocrine mechanisms
• Describe the secretory cells in the tubes and accessory
glands
• Understand why motility (via muscle contraction) of the
tubes is important
• Explain where and how the processes of digestion,
absorption, and excretion occur
2
The Plan
• Introduction –
– 1. General concepts
• Follow food as it moves thru the digestive tract
and discuss the anatomy and physiology or each
area
– 2. Mouth thru esophagus
– 3. Stomach
– 4. Duodenum and accessory glands – liver, gall
bladder and pancreas
– 5. Small intestine and large intestine
3
Readings – Digestive 1
• McKinley, O’Loughlin, and Bidle, Anatomy and
Physiology An integrative Approach, p 1015-
1061.
• Overview of the Digestive System 1015-1019
4
The Gastrointestinal Tract
For better or for worse, the gut are exquisitely designed to acquire
every calorie out of every meal
Physiological Processes of the
Digestive Tract - simplified
3.
1.
4.
2.
What does the digestive system do?
Think about it:
• First 2 functions you think of
• What happens when you first
smell fresh apple pie?
• What does your stomach do?
• How long is the intestine?
• Does your GI tract move; make
noise?
• Does your nervous system
control the GI tract?
• Why do you eat food?
7
What happens when you first smell fresh
bread?
• The body gets ready for digestion:
• Salivary glands release
– Serous and mucous fluid
– Amylase – breaks down
carbohydrates
– Lipase – lipid digestion
• Stomach begins to churn
(muscles) and acid & enzymes are
released
• Pancreas and gall bladder
activate
• These are controlled by the CNS –
the extrinsic nervous system. 8
What happens when you first taste fresh
bread? (food in your mouth)
• Salivary glands release
– Serous and mucous fluid
– Digestion begins
– Amylase – breaks down
carbohydrates
– Lipase for lipid digestion
• Chewing (mastication) and
mixing of food with tongue
• Stomach muscles contract, acid
and enzymes released
• Pancreas and gall bladder
secrete
9
What happens when you swallow the
chewed bread?
• Tongue helps move food
bolus to the oropharynx
(oro)pharynx (mouth)
• Skeletal muscles in the
esophagus pharynx move food to
esophagus
• Esophagus = a conduit to
stomach
– muscles contract to allow
peristalsis
– glands secrete to moisten
food
10
What happens to the bread in the
stomach?
• Stomach functions:
– Storage of food
– Mixing via muscle contractions
– Release of H+ & Cl- and pH lowers
• kills bacteria
stomach • Degrades foods = chyme
– Cells release pepsinogen – a zymogen
– Pepsinogen converted to pepsin in low pH
– cleaves proteins
– Digestion continues via
• Acid and pepsin
• Amylase, lipase
11
What happens to bread (chyme) in the
small intestine
• Acidic Fluids flow into the small
intestine:
– digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
(HCO3-) added from Pancreas
– Liver makes bile for lipid absorption
– Water added and reabsorbed
• Digestion accelerates and pH
neutralized to pH ~ 7
• Absorption of building blocks
through enterocytes to the liver
small
intestine
via the portal blood system
• Undigested material remains
12
What happens to chyme in the large
intestine?
• Dehydration of
indigestible material
• Compaction of
indigestible material
• Elimination of
undigested material
large
intestine
13
Accessory glands for the digestive system –
(see small intestine)
• Salivary glands
– Moistening/lubricating fluid with enzymes
– Amylase helps break down starch; lipase - lipids
• Pancreas
– Release of digestive enzymes
– Release of bicarbonate (HCO3- ) solution
– Endocrine functions = insulin & glucagon
• Liver
– Makes bile -- helps dissolve fats
– Receives and stores building blocks (aa, CHO,
etc.) from intestine
– Makes blood proteins
– Detoxifies drugs
• Gallbladder
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– Stores and concentrates bile (from liver)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Digestive
Summary
System Accessory Digestive Organs Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
(Figure 26.1)
Teeth Oral cavity
Tongue: mechanical processing, moistening,
Pharynx: muscular propulsion of
and mixing with salivary secretions
Salivary glands: secretion of materials into the esophagus
lubricating fluids with enzymes
to breakdown carbohydrates
and lipids
Esophagus: conduit to
the stomach (15”)
Anus
Fig 24.2
Concepts and characteristics
Peritoneal cavity
• Retroperitoneal
– Posterior to the parietal
peritoneum
– Embedded in connective
tissue
• duodenum
• pancreas
• parts of the lg intestine
• Intraperitoneal (with in)
– Bordered by a single cell -
mesothelium
Omentum (from ‘epipleein’ Gk.) meaning to float on; Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum
16
Mesentery
es
Lamina propria
a ng
ch Muscularis
mucosae
#2 Submucosa
Submucosal
nerve plexus
Lumen
#3 Muscularis
Inner circular layer
Myenteric
nerve plexus
Outer longitudinal
layer
Vein, artery,
lymph vessel
(within mesentery)
#4 Serosa or Adventitia
(a) Tunics
4 layers – different diagram
mesentery
From salivary glands,
pancreas or liver
mesothelium
Lamina propria #4 Serosa
#2 Submucosa #3 Muscularis
externa
Muscularis mucosa
Different
surfaces
Submucosal gland
#1 Mucosa – epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa 20
Fig 24.4
LUMEN 21
Control Mechanisms
• 1. Neuronal (neurocrine)
– A. Short or Intrinsic Reflex– neurons within the GI
system (ENS = enteric nervous system)
• Signal from the lumen to the ENS and back
• The only organ system capable of using a reflex response
without the CNS
– B. Long or Extrinsic Reflex– neurons in the CNS –
(outside the ENS)
• Signal from the lumen to the CNS and back to the GI tract
• 2. Hormonal – enteroendocrine cells in the GI
epithelium and endocrine glands
– Paracrine
– Endocrine 22
Neural controls of the GI System
Extrinsic = CNS Intrinsic = ENS
24
Control mechanisms : #1b. Neural – Extrinsic
CNS = long reflex
• Input from 5 senses in CNS signal GI system
• Starts gland and cell secretions in mouth and stomach
• Starts muscle contractions in stomach
• OR Signals in GI are sent to the CNS
– Sensory information(from GI) =afferent to CNS and response
= efferent back to GI system = REFLEX
– CNS sends signals to enteric neurons
• controls GI gland and cell secretions
• controls GI muscle contractions– indirectly through
– CNS influences can be modified by autonomic NS
• Parasympathetic and sympathetic
• Emotions (CNS) effect enteric system
• Butterflies when flying 1st time
• Talking in front of a class – mouth is dry
• Really scared – urination or diarrhea
25
The Enteric Nervous System
Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Controls
Ex
t
rin
si c
NS
signals
• Submucosal
plexus
(Meissner’s)
• Myenteric
plexus
(Auerbach’s)
26
I EW
RE
V
Signaling mechanisms
• 1. Autocrine – signal
goes back to cell of origin
• 2. Paracrine – signal goes
short distance to nearby
cells
Enteroendocrine cell 27
Control mechanisms: #2. Hormonal
• Hormonal mechanisms
– Enteroendocrine cells ‘ taste’ chemicals in the lumen
– Enteroendocrine release peptide hormones
• Released into CT and then blood vessels
– Function via paracrine & endocrine mechanisms
• Controls secretion of gland cells (stomach, pancreas, etc.)
• Controls - enhance or inhibit muscle contraction
• Influence intrinsic and extrinsic nervous system inputs
– Endocrine hormones, eg. insulin, glucagon, etc
28
v i ew Glands -
Re
• Exocrine glands – release
of products through duct
systems
29
Secretions: cells & glands
• Enteroendocrine cells (stomach, duodenum …)
– Respond to events in the lumen (mechanical or chemical) =
‘taste buds’ of the gut
– Secrete peptides – paracrine & endocrine (into the
circulation)
• Example: G cells release gastrin – a peptide
• Gastrin – to near cells and enters into blood vessels and controls
– Cell secretion
– Muscle motility
– Some also respond to CNS neural inputs
• Exocrine Glands (gland cells secrete into ducts)
– Salivary glands make H20 and enzymes
– Liver makes bile
– Pancreas makes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
– Duodenal glands make bicarbonate (HCO3-) to neutralize HCl
30
Motility = muscle movement
• Skeletal muscle = voluntary control from CNS
– Tongue and pharynx
– Upper 2/3 esophagus
– Anal region sphincter
31
Smooth Muscle Motility
• Necessary functions:
– Mixing of food, acid and enzymes in the stomach
– Slow release of chyme into the small intestine
– Controls movement through small intestine and thus rate of digestion
– Movement and removal of indigestible material
• Structure – smooth muscle cells
– Closely positioned elongated cells w/o direct synapses
– Gap junctions allow synchronous contractions of many cells
• Actions
– Depolarization allows Ca++ influx or release of intracellular Ca ++
– Contraction of smooth muscle cells
• Causative agents
– Release of neurotransmitter from ENS neurons
– Signal molecules (histamine, serotonin, etc.)
32
Stimulus (sight, Sensory
smell, etc) receptors
(Sympathetic)
decrease in activity Digestive
system
Responses
1. Muscle
contraction or
relaxation
Green arrows = short (intrinsic) reflex Blue arrows = long (extrinsic) reflex 33
Digestion, Absorption & Elimination
34
Summary: Digestive System
• Series of tubes with different epithelia and cells =
mouth to the anus
• 4 layers to the tubes (mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, adventitia or serosa
• Accessory organs (salivary, pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder)
• Controls:
– nervous system (extrinsic and intrinsic) and
– hormones – paracrine and endocrine mechanisms
• Secretory cells in the tubes and accessory glands
• Motility (muscle) of the tubes is important
• Digestion, absorption, and excretion occur
35
What does the digestive system do?
38
Sensory
SensoryNeurons
NeuronsAssociated
Associated with
with the Gut
the Gut
Intrinsic neurons
Intrinsic neurons