Thursday, April 9th

Quiz 12 DUE Sunday, April 12th

•Tonight:
– Digestive System
– Complete the Digestive System Packet
•Next week: Renal Physiology
(Kidney)
 Lecture Video Link
https://psu.zoom.us/rec/play/ucZ_I-r6-j83ToCd4gSDVPAsW43rKaKs0XNKq6U
En03mU3MFYQClY7tGN3Bh2gwKM_xm34F9M9ubztA?continueMode=true&_
x_zm_rtaid=AyGTIiPETyuR9yrhuTfM-w.1586348124606.8b6655b5f513cbea2a
d8bf14e3d2fa08&_x_zm_rhtaid=110
 Digestion Learning
• Objectives
What physiological functions does saliva have in digestion?
• What is the difference between chemical and mechanical
digestion?
• What are the layers of the digestion system and what is
unique about each layer?
• What is the function of pepsin, HCL, gastrin, CCK, bile,
pancreatic juice, secretin, villi, bicarbonate, GIP
• What causes bad breath?
• How is BAC determined?
• What happens in the stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine? What is unique about their structures and
chemicals?

Fun Video Resource - Digestion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOyvEoAZyNo
 Digestive System
• Processes food, extracts
nutrients and eliminates waste
• “ Disassembly Line”
– Breaks down complex
molecules to simple forms we
can absorb and use
• Ingestion  intake of food
• Digestion  breakdown of food
• Absorption  uptake of
nutrients
• Egestion/Excretion 
elimination of undigested food
(defecation)
• Main themes motility (getting
food where it should be) and
secretion (addition of enzymes
and other chemicals to food)
The “Digestive” Tube
• Consists of four
layers
• Mucosa
– SECRETION
– Direct contact
w/food
• Submucosa
– SECRETION
– Also contains nervous
tissue (plexus)
• Muscularis
– MOTILITY
– Also contains nervous
tissue (plexus)
• Serosa
– Outer connective
covering
• Mucosa and
submucosa
contain cells
arranged in
“glands”
• These cells
SECRETE
substances
necessary for
digestion
 Stop the video and try this question on your own

Which layer of the GI tract comes

into direct contact with food?
A.Serosa
B.Mucosa
C.Muscularis
D.Submucosa
 Stop the video and try this question on your own

Which layer of the GI tract comes

into direct contact with food?
A.Serosa
B.Mucosa
C.Muscularis
D.Submucosa
 Journey through the GI Tract:
Beginning in the Mouth
• Many important
functions for digestion:
– Food intake
– Mechanical digestion
(mastication)
– Chemical digestion
– Special sense - taste
• Salivary glands
(parotid- largest)
produce saliva that help
with the above
processes
 Application- Bad breath
What causes bad breath?
•Bacteria – the same equivalent smell as______
•Food in between teeth
•Smoking, coffee, dry mouth
Best remedy?
•Brush teeth and tongue, floss, yes, but what
about mouth wash?
•Alcohol kills bacteria, but also dehydrates the
mouth leaving a perfect home for more
bacteria to grow.

Most effective? ___________!

 Gustation (Taste)
• Taste  uses chemoreceptors
• How does this work?
• Our tongue is covered
in papillae
• Taste buds are
located on the sides of
papillae
• A taste bud is defined
as a grouping of
specialized cells (taste
cells) that bind to
flavor molecules
 Taste Bud Surface of tongue
• Taste cells have proteins in
their plasma membrane
that can bind to flavor
molecules
– Binding results in
depolarization of the taste
cell
• Taste cells are associated
with neuron free endings
at synapse
– Allows for the transmission
of action potential
– Signal leaves taste bud on
sensory nerve, goes to
brain (gustatory nerve)
Application – Sense of
Smell
Blood flow
•Olfactory Nerve (binding causes
delopariz._
• Receptor Cells (Humans have 5
million)
•Dogs: 220 million receptors
• 100 X’s more sensitive
•Blood hound: 300 times more than
human
•Polar bears: 2100 times more than
human
The gustatory nerve is an example of
a _________.

A.afferent nerve
B.efferent nerve
C.interneuron
The gustatory nerve is an example of
a _________.

A.afferent nerve
B.efferent nerve
C.interneuron
From Mouth to Stomach:
Pharynx and Esophagus

Peristalsis – Muscle Contraction

Deglutition – Swallowing
• Food storage
The Stomach
– Can hold up to 4 liters of
ingested material
(extreme!)
– 1 gal= 3.79L
– 4 L = 1.05 gal

• Mechanical digestion
– Grinding and pulverizing
action
• Initial chemical digestion
– Primarily proteins
• Sphincters control movement
of food into and out of the
stomach
 Inside the Stomach
• Mucosa forms rugae
• Function of rugae is to allow the stomach to
expand
• Muscularis layer consists of three layers of
muscles
Why would you want more muscles in the stomach?
A.improve mechanical digestion C. improve chemical
digestion
B.slow down motility D. A and C
 Inside the Stomach
• Mucosa forms rugae
• Function of rugae is to allow the stomach to
expand
• Muscularis layer consists of three layers of
muscles
Why would you want more muscles in the stomach?
A.improve mechanical digestion C. improve chemical
digestion
B.slow down motility D. A and C
Gastric Pits and Glands
• Mucosa layer
is covered in
small
depressions
called gastric
pits
• The base of a
pit splits into
two or three
gastric
glands
 Gastric Secretions
• Mucous cells secrete
mucus
• Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
(inactive enzyme)
- Converted to pepsin
by HCL
- Functions in protein
digestion (attacks AA
bonds)
• Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
- Help denature
 Gastric Secretions
• Gastric Enteroendocrine
(EE) cells secrete
hormones
– Gastrin and histamine
• Gastrin stimulates
parietal cells to release
HCl and chief cells to
release pepsinogen 
Pepsin
– Also promote release of
histamine from other EE
cells
o Histamine further
stimulates release of
acid
• Overall result is
 The Small Intestine
• Chyme (mixture from
stomach) enters small
intestine in a slow,
controlled manner
• Duodenum (first part)
functions in digestion
– Pancreatic juices/bile
enter here
• Rest of small intestine has
high surface area for
absorption of nutrients
Improved Surface Area –
Villi and Microvilli
 Crypts of the Intestines
• Mucosa layer also has
intestinal crypts
• Crypts contain:
- Absorptive cells
- Mucous- producing goblet
cells
- Intestinal enteroendocrine
cells that secrete:
o Gastric inhibiting
peptide (GIP)  inhibit
stomach function
o reduces HCL entering S.
Int.
o Secretin  stimulate
pancreas to help
neutralize pH
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
(GIP) is signaled by food
entering the small intestine
to be released and ‘tell’ the
stomach to reduce HCL
production. Without GIP,
chyme in the stomach will
become
(A)True more acidic:
(B) False
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
(GIP) is signaled by food
entering the small intestine
to be released and ‘tell’ the
stomach to reduce HCL
production. Without GIP,
chyme in the stomach will
become
(A)True more acidic:
(B) False
 Accessory Organ: Pancreas
• Located by duodenum (start
of the small intestine)
• Shares a common duct with
the gallbladder
– Both dump secretions into
the small intestine
• 99% of the cells of the
pancreas secrete digestive
juices
• 1% of the cells are
responsible for secreting
insulin (Islets of Langerhans)
Composition and Functions of
Pancreatic Juices
• Stimulated as food moves through the small intestine.
Parasympathetic nerve activity releases CCK and
secretin in small intestine – travel by blood to pancreas
• Contains a mixture of components
– Water
– Enzymes  help with digestion
– Secretin  release Sodium bicarbonate  neutralize
stomach acid
– Without SECRETIN, likely have a duodenal ulcer!!!
• CCK releases Digestive enzymes- released from the
lining cells
– Pancreatic amylase  digest starch
– Pancreatic lipase  digest fat
– Proteases  digest proteins
– Nuclease  to digest nucleic acids
Without proper pancreas functionality, the body cannot absorb food
 Liver and Gallbladder
• Largest gland in the body
• Functions
– Metabolism of digested
nutrients
– Detoxifies
alcohol/drugs
– 1oz/hr (1/2 drink/hr)
– Produces bile
– Fat emulsification
• Bile stored in the gall
bladder
 Release of Bile
• Gall bladder is stimulated by parasympathetic system (nerve
activity from the small intestine which releases CCK and
secretin into the blood), and gastrin to release bile. CCK is
a hormone – causes bile to be released from the
gallbladder
• Components of BILE
– Bile salts  DIGESTION
• Helps with fat emulsification
– Cholesterol  WASTE
• Produced in and removed by liver as waste
– Bile pigments (bilirubin) from hemoglobin  WASTE
• globin = a reuseable protein
• heme = broken down into iron and bilirubin
• Bilirubin is toxic and must be removed
Pancreatic juices are secreted into the
__________.

A. Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Gallbladder

Pancreatic juices help with _____________.

A. Chemical digestion
B. Mechanical digestion
Pancreatic juices are secreted into the
__________.

A. Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Gallbladder

Pancreatic juices help with _____________.

A. Chemical digestion
B. Mechanical digestion
 Liver Application -
Alcohol Oxidation
• Primary alcohols (R-CH2-OH) can be oxidized
either to aldehydes (R-CHO) or to carboxylic
acids (R-CO2H)

• Primary alcohols can be further oxidized to

ketones.
• Ketones are acidic compounds with carbonyl
groups =C=O and hydrocarbons. (Acetone)
• Extreme low carb diet leads to break down of
fats as fuel source. Fats are turned into
ketones, which enter blood and can
accumulate.
• Fruity smell in breath (hours after last drink)
 Application - How is Blood
Alcohol Content (B.A.C.)
determined?
• A BAC of 0.10 (0.1% or one tenth of one
percent) means that there are 0.10 g of
alcohol for every deciliter of blood.
• Decreases .015-.020 percent per hour
• Breath, blood, urine – 0.08% or higher is
intoxication (~3-5 drinks) = trouble!
• Penalties for 0.05% and over (2-3 drinks)
Application - How long does it
take the liver (body) to
process 1 drink?
• Liver can oxidize ~1 oz of OH per hour
– Depends on individual liver enzymes,
differs by person
• 1 drink= 1 glass of wine, 1 beer, 1
shot (1.5 oz of alcohol)
cups of beer at a party, how long
will it take until the alcohol
leaves your system? (Rate = 1
oz/hr)
(A) 6 hours
(B) 8 hours
(C)10 hours
(D) 12 hours
(E) 24 hours
cups of beer at a party, how long
will it take until the alcohol
leaves your system? (Rate = 1
oz/hr)
(A) 6 hours
(B) 8 hours
(C)10 hours
(D) 12 hours
(E) 24 hours

16 oz X 6 = 96 oz of beer. @12 oz per beer (96oz/12) = 8 beers. 8 beers x 1.5

oz OH/beer = 12 oz alcohol/1 oz/hr = 12 oz
Final Stop: Large
Intestines
• About 1.5 meters
long
• Functions in
absorption of
water and salts
• Bacteria by the
millions and
millions
– Results in feces
 What happens in the large
intestine?
• Digestive tract receives about 9 liters of water a day
– Only 0.2 liters are egested in feces
• Process relies on osmosis
• More solute (ions and proteins) in tissue and blood
than in lumen
– Water diffuses, by osmosis, from lumen into tissue
and blood
• Many diseases disrupt the osmotic function
• Ex. Cholera
Cholera bacteria produce a toxin that causes
uncontrollable movement of ions into the lumen of
large intestine compared to surrounding tissue.
What happens?
A. Constipation
B. Diarrhea
 Rectum and Anal Canal
Rectal Valve • Rectum holds feces
until defecation
• Rectal valves allows
for passage of gas
while retaining feces
• Anal canal controlled
by two sphincter
– Internal  involuntary
– External  voluntary
• Mucosa layer
produces extra
Anal Canal mucous during
defecation
 Digestion Review
Question
Gastrin inhibitory peptide (GIP)
inhibits the release of gastrin and,
as a result __________.
A) nothing else
B) HCL
C) Pepsinogen
D) Mucus
E) B, C and D
 Digestion Review
Question
Gastrin inhibitory peptide (GIP)
inhibits the release of gastrin and,
as a result __________.
A) nothing else
B) HCL
C) Pepsinogen
D) Mucus
E) B, C and D
 Digestion Review
Question
If you are unable to secrete HCL
into your stomach, then
mainly__________ digestion will
decrease.
A. carbohydrate
B. lipid
C. nucleic acid
D. protein
 Digestion Review
Question
If you are unable to secrete HCL into
your stomach, then mainly__________
digestion will decrease.
A. carbohydrate
B. lipid
C. nucleic acid
D. Protein (HCL turns pepsinogen into
pepsin which attacks amino acids)
 Digestion Review
Question
Pancreatic juices are secreted into
the _________.
A. Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Gallbladder
 Digestion Review
Question
Pancreatic juices are secreted into
the _________.
A. Stomach
B. Small intestine (CCK stimulates release
of pancreatic juice from pancreas into the
pancreatic duct and into the duodenum)
C. Large intestine
D. Gallbladder