General feature of construction, different parts and working of lathe

Oldest and important machine tools.

The principal surface developed is cylindrical
surface
Job is rotated (turned) and tool is slided
relative to job. So it is turning.
Cutting speed V=ΠDN/1000 m/min; D in mm
, N is rpm
s s
d= depth of cut=b cos( ); is side cutting
edge angle, b=width of cut
f= is feed in mm/rev
But many other operations like facing,
parting, taper turning and so on is performed
by this machine tools.
 So it is termed as ‘ the father of machine
tools family’.
 Construction of lathe and its components

A lathe is typically consist of basic components  Power transmission-

like- transmitted through series of kinematic
chain/mechanism
Headstock- it is fixed at the left end. It houses
Simple train- individual motion has individual power.
power source, power transmissions and
Found in modern machine tools
spindle. Complex train-different motion and power from
 Power source single power source
-induction having one or two fixed speed for Compound train- combination of simple and
stepped variation complex train.
-variable speed induction motor, dc motor for
stepless drive
-ac and dc servo motor, stepper motor for
NC,CNC Machine
 power of motor-
is to be estimated to overcome power for
machining, friction,inertia forces, auxiliary
motion etc.
 Spindle-
It imparts rotary motion, hold centrs/workholding
devices/ work/ tool as required.
It is hollow to take long bar stock. It has an external
tapered surface at the front end to locate driving
plates/chucks. Front side has taper bore to
accommodate centres.
Centres-
The centre held in spindle is known as live
centre having an included angle 60 degree as they
rotate. Live centre is mounted on ball bearing/tapered
roller bearing along with thrust bearing. It is also
preferred during high speed machining to reduce
frictional heat generation.
Centre used in tail stock is called dead centre as it does
not rotate. May be of normal, half ended for turning and
facing operation, spherical ball ended centre to
accommodate set over. The centre in tailstock is
subjected to heavy wear due to relative velocity
between centre and workpiece. Wear resistance can be
increased by tipping the point with cemented carbide or
wear resistant alloys.
Tailstock- function is to hold dead centre
which supports long workpiece (l/d>4).
It is clamped on the right side of bed. It
consists of two parts. Lower part rests on
bed ways and upper part rest on lower part.
Lower part alongwith upper one can
be slided over bed through guidewauys to
accommodate different length as requird.
Adjustable screw holds two part together. By
loosening it, upper part can be moved away or
towards the operator to offset tailstock. The
body of the tail stock has a bore for hollow
cylidrical sliding member known as quill.
Drills,reamers,tap and other tools are held and
fed to the workpiece by the quill.
Carriage: it is moveable components between head
stock and tail stock. Its prime function is to hold the
cutting tool and to provide required relative motion to the
cutting tool ( longitudinsl feed and cross feed). It includes
five major components like –saddle,cross-slide,compound
rest ,tool post and apron mechanism.
Saddle-base of carriage, slides longitudinally along the bed
ways.
Cross slide-mounted on saddle by means of dovetail ways,
provide cutting tool motion in cross direction which may be
controlled manually by handle or by power feed.
Compound rest- it has a graduated base that can be
swivelled around vertical axis so that it can be angled with
axis of workpiece. So it is used for angular cut, specifically in
case of short taper.
Tool post- it is mounted over compound rest in a T-slot as
shown. It can be adjusted to tilt with the help of a concave
ring collar and rocker base.
Apron-it contains apron mechanism-reduction of speed
and rotary to linear conversion of speed. It lies under the
saddle in front side of lathe.
https://www.youtube.com/user/munmachineshop go for
setting and working
Bed-
bed is the base of lathe which supports all other components. During cutting operations,
majority of structures are subjected to complex loading like-combinations of torsion, bending,
tension or compression which results accountable deformations leading to question on
accuracy of parts. In order to achieve good performance of machine tolls, its supporting
structure must be designed with sufficient strength and stiffness. In order to absorb
vibrations, it is made as a rigid casting part.

Deformations and stresses developed due to torsion and bending depends on size and
additionally on shape. The section providing maximum moment of inertia and sectional
modoulus should be selected. And hollow box type section is the best.The top of bed is
planed to form guideways. These are the rails on which complementary part slides. Less
expensive and low duty lathe have flat ways while medium to heavy duty lathe have
combination of 2 pairs of guideways to provide motion to saddle and tail stock.