Endterm revision

Discuss: NPs, verb complementation, stress

• Define:
• Classification + Examples
 Stress
• Definition: extra force exerted on a specific syllable (longer, louder,
highlighted)
• Types: word stress (fixed), sentence stress (unfixed)
• Levels: tonic / primary (high mark), secondary (low mark), unstressed
(example) vocabulary
• Functions:
+ distinguish PoS (address vs. address)
+ distinguish a word from a phrase (blackboard vs. black board)
+ distinguish PoS of the derivational words (monotone vs. monotonic)
+ function words (prep, article, ..) vs. content (N V A Adv) words (function words are generally
unstressed, and thus, reduced to weak form)
+ contrastive emphasis (highlight the words carrying the most important info)
+ signal old vs. new information
Strong vs. Weak forms (FUNCTIONS)
NPs
Structure: phrase (NP, VP, AP, AdvP, prepP) vs clause
• Definition: a phrase with the head as a noun a cute (premodifier) DOG in the
yard (postmodifier)
• Classification:
Basic NP: no content words in the modifiers, no post modifiers
Complex NP: content words (N V A Adv) in the modifiers, with post modifiers
1. Two (closed-system items) chairs: Basic
2. Our (function word) chairs: basic
3. Two wooden chairs: complex
4. The chair over there: complex
5. The chairs we bought last month: complex
 Verb complementation: VP = auxiliaries+ head (lexical V) C O A (obligatory elements)

• Definition: what complements the V in the clause so that the clause is meaningful.
• Classification:
Intensive: what follows the V complements the meaning of the S:
SVC, SVA: She is at home SVA, It’s 10:30 (place, time); He is nice SVCs (quality, characterising
features). Intensive complementation
Extensive: what follows the V extends the force of the S to other elements
+ intransitive: SV He is running (giấu đích của tác động) intransitive complementation
+ monotransitive: SVO: He kicked the dog. Monotransitive
+ ditransitive: SVOiOd: He sang us (Oi) a lovely song (Od). He sang a lovely song to us.
Ditrans
+ complex transitive:
SVOCo: Mom called him (O) Tèo (Co). Complex trans
SVOA: (PUT, PLACE) She (S) placed (V) the student’s name (O) at the end of the list (A).
Syllable:
• Definition: C V C
• Classification:
Nucleus are or
Onset + nucleus: car, core
Nucleus + code: on, in
Onset + nucleus + coda: can,
1. State whether the following statements are T or F

a. Statements are typically spoken in falling tone. T

b. Bound morphs are all affixes. F (bound roots, enclitics n’t, ‘d, Jame’s)

c. Like consonants, vowels can be either voiced or voiceless. F

d. Inflectional affixes are generally more productive (regular) than derivational affixes. T

e. In a compound sentence, the clauses are independent. T

3. Give an example of each concept:

a. A labio-dental sound: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveola, palatal-alveolar, palatal, velar

b. A minimal pair: transcribe, SAME NUMBER of sounds, differ in ONE sound at the same position: pin pen

c. SVOA clause: PUT PLACE

d. A sentence with a nominal dependent clause: nominal (S, extraposed S, O, C) adjective (modifier), adverbial

It’s difficult to handle this case (extraposed S).

4. Write the term for each definition:
a. The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words: phoneme
b. The central organ involved in the production of an oral or nasal sound: velum / soft palate
c. Sounds made by the lower lip touching the upper front teeth: labio-dental
d. The process of creating new words by joining parts of two already existing words: blending
e. The concrete realization of a morpheme: morph
5. Give an example of each structure:
a. Free morph, content word + bound morph, derivational suffix: package
b. Free morph, content word + bound morph, inflectional suffix: packs
c. Free morph, content word + free morph, content word + bound morph, inflectional suffix
bookshops, spellchecks
d. Bound morph, derivational prefix + bound morph, bound root + bound morph, derivational
suffix + bound morph, inflectional suffix: references, perceptions
e. Bound morph, derivational prefix + free morph, content word + bound morph, derivational
suffix: enrichment
 Consonants V P M
• /s/
• /dZ/
• /D/
• /j/
• /N/
• /f/
• /l/
• /h/
• /tS/
• /r/
 Vowels H A R
• Monophthongs:12
/I/
/A:/
/U/
/O:/
/æ/
• Diphthongs: 8
/OI/
/aU/
/e@/
/U@/
/eI/
Classification of clauses
• VPs: non-finite, finite, verbless
• Functions: nominal, adjectival, adverbial, S O C A