Chapter-2

Applications of Definite Integrals

 2.1 Area of Regions Between Two Graphs
Definite integrals could be used to determine the area of the region between the graph of a
function and the x-axis or the y-axis.

Recall that:

If or for then the area of the region bounded by the curve , the axis and the line and is

𝑏
A=∫| 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )| 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Similarly.
If g or g for c then the area of the region bounded by the curve , the axis and the line and
is
𝑑
A=∫|𝑔 ( 𝑦 )| 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
Also,

If on and on , then the area of the region bounded by the graph of , the axis, and the
lines and would be determined by the following definite integrals:

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
A=∫| 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )| 𝑑𝑥¿ ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 −∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
 Area Between Two Curves
First Case:

So the Area is, A=∫ ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎

In other words,
Second Case:

So the Area is, A=∫ ( 𝑓 ( 𝑦 ) −𝑔 ( 𝑦 )) 𝑑𝑦

𝑐

In other words,
 Example set-2.1
1. Write down the area in integral form and hence evaluate it

(a)

Solution: So the area is,

Here, (Upper function)
(Lower function)
and
 Example set-2.1

(b)

Solution: So the area is,

3
A=∫ (− 𝑦 +10 − ( 𝑦 − 2 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2
Here, (Right function)
(Left function) −1

and 3
¿ ∫ (− 𝑦 +10 − 𝑦 + 4 𝑦 − 4) ¿ 𝑑𝑦 ¿
2 2

−1
3
¿ ∫ (− 2 𝑦 +4 𝑦 + 6) 𝑑𝑦
2

−1
?
 Example set-2.1

(c)

Solution: The area is,

 Example set-2.1
2. Sketch the region enclosed by and the axis. Hence find its area.

Solution: The region is shown in the Figure given below,

, (axis)
2
9 − 𝑥 =0
𝑥 =9 ∴ 𝑥=± 3
2

So the area is,

3
A=∫ ( 9− 𝑥 −0) 𝑑𝑥
2

−3

3
¿ 2 ∫ (9 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

¿ 36
 Example set-2.1
3. Sketch the region enclosed by the parabolas and . Hence find its area.

Solution: The region is shown in the Figure given below,

,
,

𝑥 =√ 𝑥
2

4
𝑥 =𝑥
0 ∴ 𝑥=0 , 1
So the area is,
1
¿ ∫ ( √ 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

0
 Example set-2.1
4. Sketch the region enclosed by the parabolas and Hence find its area.

Solution: The region is shown in the Figure given below,

∴ 𝑥=−1 , 3
So the area is,
 Example set-2.1
5. Sketch the region enclosed by the parabolas and
and Hence find its area.
Solution: The region is shown in the Figure given below,
,

∴ 𝑥=−1 , 3
So the area is,
 Example set-2.1
6. Determine the area enclosed by and

Solution:
and

So,
and

So the area is,

∴ 𝑦 =−2 , 4
 Sample MCQ

1.If and is defined in the interval [a,b] where

then area between them could be found by

(a) ….. (b) (c) ……..

2. What is the the area bounded by and the axis.

(b) 17 (b) …. (c)…

3.What is the the area bounded by and

(a) … (b) …. (c)

 Exercise set-2.1
1. Sketch the region enclosed by the following curves and then find its area.

(a) and the x-axis.

.
(b) and the x-axis.

(c) .

(d) and the x-axis.

(e) the x-axis and the lines and

(f) and the x-axis.

(g) and the y-axis.

(h) and the x-axis.

2. Sketch the region enclosed by the following curves and then find its area.

(a)

(b) and the ordinates , .

(c)

(d) and

(e)

(g) and

3. P-407 6(a), P-410 61, 62

4. Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition

P- 434 Ex # 1, 3, 5 – 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22
 2.2 Volumes of Solids of Revolution
What is Solids of Revolution
If a region is rotated completely (i.e. through 2π radians) about a straight line, the solid
formed is a solid of revolution. Any cross section perpendicular to the axis of rotation is
circular.
To get a solid of revolution let’s start with a function , on an interval (Left side graph).
Let’s rotate the curve about axis(although it could be any vertical or horizontal axis) so
that we get the following(right-side graph) three dimensional region.

Now we are going to find the volume of the object

 Volume of Solids of Revolution

Let us consider a solid generated by revolving about the x-axis of a region R bounded by a
curve , the x-axis and the lines .

The region R can be divided into small strips. When a typical strip of length and width is
rotated completely about the x-axis, it forms a circular disc.
 Volume of Solids of Revolution

The volume of the disc is , V  y 2 x

The volume of the solid can be divided into small discs. Summing all the discs as we
have the volume of revolution , about the axis

x b
Vx  lim   y x    y 2 dx
b
2
x 0 a
xa

In the same way, when a region bounded by the curve , , the y-axis and the lines is
rotated about the y-axis, the solid formed has volume

d
V y   x 2 dy
c

This method is often called method of disks or the method of rings

 Volume of Solids of Revolution

If we have two function and where and bounded by then volume solid of revolution is
about axis is given by

𝑏
V 𝑥 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ) ¿ ¿ 2 − ( 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ) )𝑑𝑥 ¿
2

𝑏
V 𝑥 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( outer radius ) ¿ ¿ 2− ( inner radius ) )𝑑𝑥 ¿
2

Similarly for the volume of solid of revolution about y-axis is,

𝑏
V y =∫ 𝜋 ( ( 𝑓 ( 𝑦 ) ) ¿ ¿ 2 − ( 𝑔 ( 𝑦 ) ) ) 𝑑𝑦 ¿
2

𝑎
 Example set-2.2.1
1. Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve
over the interval is revolved about the x-axis.

Solution:

The volume is ,
b b 4 4 15
Vx    y dx    ( f ( x )) dx    ( x ) dx    x dx 
2 2 2
a a 1 1 2
2. Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve
and that lies in the first quadrant and is revolved about the y-axis.
Solution:

y3  4 y
y ( y 2  4)  0
 y  0, 2, 2
So, the volume is ,
b 2 512
Vy    ((right )  (left ) )dy    (16 y  y )dy 
2 2 2 6
a 0 21
 Sample MCQ
1.If we have two function and where and bounded by then volume
solid of revolution is about axis is given by
(a) ….. (b) (c) ……..

2. Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under
the curve over the interval is revolved about the x-axis.
(b) (b) …. (c)…

3.Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under
the curve and that lies in the first quadrant and is revolved about the
y-axis.
(a) … (b) …. (c)
 Exercise set-2.2.1

1. Find the volume of the solid that results when the shaded region is revolved about
the indicated axis:

(a) (b) (c)

2. Find the volume of the solid when the region enclosed by the given curves is
revolved about the x-axis.

(a) .
(b) .
(c)
(d) .

3. Find the volume of the solid when the region enclosed by the given curves is
revolved about the y-axis.

(a)
(b) .
(c)

4. Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition

P- 446 Ex # 1-9