6.

1 Areas Between Curves

 In Chapter 5 we defined and calculated areas of regions that lie under the graphs of
(positive) functions over a certain interval.
 Here we use integrals to find areas of regions that lie between the graphs of two
functions or more.
 Figure 2

Example 1: Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 =

1, 𝑥 = −1.
When the independent variable is 𝑦

If we are given functions x  f ( y) and x  g ( y) , then area A of the region

between f ( y) and g ( y) and between 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑 is

𝑑
𝐴 = ∫𝑐 |𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)| 𝑑𝑦
Exercises: Fined the shaded area in each of the following:
Exercises: Find the area of the described regions:
1. (Ex. 25.P.434) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 , 𝑦 = 2 − |𝑥|
 1
2. (Ex. 28.P.434) 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3, 𝑥 ≥ 0
End of section 6.1 - Dr. Hadi Hmad & Dr. khalid Adarbeh
 6.2: Volumes
The definition of the volume
Special case: Solids of revolution
 Solids that obtained by revolving a region about a line.

 The cylinder is a good example. If the region bounded by constant function

𝑦 = 𝑟, 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑥 = ℎ is revolved about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, then the obtained solid
is a cylinder with radius 𝑟 and height ℎ.

Height = h

Radius = r

 The area of the cross section is 𝐴 = 𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 = 𝜋𝑟 2 and hence the

ℎ
volume is ∫0 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑥 |ℎ0 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (the well known formula).

 Similarly below in example 1 we derive the volume of the sphere.

Case 𝚰: the cross section is a disk:
The axis of rotation is a boundary to the whole of the region

𝐴 = 𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2
(𝐈. 𝐚) ℛ bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ), 𝑥 = 𝑎, and 𝑥 = 𝑏 where 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≥ 0 over [𝑎, 𝑏] about x-
axis
𝑏
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑓(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Example 2: Find the volume of the solid obtained by revoloving 𝑦 = √𝑥, 𝑥 =
1, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0 about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
(𝐈. 𝐛) ℛ bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), 𝑦 = 𝑐, and 𝑦 = 𝑑 where 𝑔(𝑦) ≥ 0 over [𝑐, 𝑑] about y-
axis
𝑑
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑔(𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
Case 𝚰𝐈: the cross section is a washer:
The axis of rotation is not a boundary to the whole of the region
𝐴 = 𝜋(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 − 𝜋(𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 R: The outer radius

= 𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )
. r: The inner radius
()(r)

`
(𝐈. 𝐚) ℛ bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 ), 𝑥 = 𝑎, and 𝑥 = 𝑏 where 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) over
[𝑎, 𝑏] about x-axis

𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)2 − 𝑔(𝑥 )2 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑎

(𝐈. 𝐛) ℛ bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), 𝑥 = ℎ(𝑦), 𝑦 = 𝑐, and 𝑦 = 𝑑 where 𝑔(𝑦) ≥ ℎ(𝑦) over

[𝑐, 𝑑] about y-axis

𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑔(𝑦)2 − ℎ(𝑦)2 ]𝑑𝑦
𝑐
Lastly, we discuss the situation of revolving a region about a horizontal or a vertical
line rather than the x-axis or the y-axis. That will be explained in the following two
examples
Exercises:
34. Setup an integral for the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
bounded by the given curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑦 ≥ 0 about:
a. the x-axis.
b. the y-axis.
(39-42) Each integral represents the volume of a solid. Describe the solid.

End of section 6.2 - Dr. Hadi Hmad & Dr. khalid Adarbeh
 6.3 Volumes by cylindrical shells

- Some volume problems are very difficult to handle by the methods of the preceding
Section

- Next Figure shows a cylindrical shell with inner radius 𝑟1 , outer radius 𝑟2 , and height
h. Its volume V is calculated by subtracting the volume 𝑉1 of the inner cylinder from the
volume 𝑉2 of the outer cylinder:

1
If we let ∆𝑟 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 (the thickness of the shell) and 𝑟 = (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) (the average radius
2
of the shell), then this formula for the volume of a cylindrical shell becomes
and it can be remembered as
V = [circumference][height][thickness]

Now let S be the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) [where f(x) ≥ 0], y=0, x= a, and x= b, where b > a≥ 0. (See next Figure)

Thus the following appears plausible:

EXERCISES
29–32 Each integral represents the volume of a solid. Describe the solid.

21. Set up an integral for the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
the given curve about the specified axis.
41. The region bounded by the given curves is rotated about the specified axis. Find the
volume of the resulting solid by any method.
 Section 6.5: Average value of a function

𝑏−𝑎
 Divide the interval into 𝑛 equal subintervals and hence ∆𝑥 =
𝑛

 Chose points 𝑥1∗ , … , 𝑥𝑛∗ from each interval and calculate the average value of
𝑓(𝑥1∗ ), … , 𝑓( 𝑥𝑛∗ ):
𝑓(𝑥1∗ ) + … + 𝑓( 𝑥𝑛∗ ) 𝑓(𝑥1∗ ) + … + 𝑓( 𝑥𝑛∗ ) 1 𝑛
= = [∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ )∆𝑥]
𝑛 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑖=1
∆𝑥
 Take the limit as 𝑛 → ∞ to obtain:
𝑏
1 𝑛 1
lim [∑ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ )∆𝑥 ] = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞ 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑖=1 𝑏−𝑎
𝑎

So the average value of a function f over an interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is defined as follows

The average value of a function 𝑓 on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is defined to be

1
 𝒙𝟐
Example 1: Fined the average value of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 over [−𝟏, 𝟏]
(𝒙𝟑 +𝟑)

2
 The mean value theorem for integrals

 It can be proved by applying the mean value theorem for derivatives to the
𝑥
function 𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 over [𝑎, 𝑏]

 The geometric interpretation of the mean value theorem for integrals:

For a positive function 𝑓, there is a number 𝑐 such that the area under the

graph of 𝑓 from 𝑎 to 𝑏 is equal the area of the rectangle with base [𝑎, 𝑏] and

height 𝑓(𝑐)
3
Find 𝑐 and sketch the graph of 𝑓 and the rectangle whose area is the same as the area under the

graph of 𝑓

4
Exercises:

5
 End of 7.1- Dr. Khalid Adarbeh.
6