Double Integral

MATH 85
Solving for Area
Solving for Volume on Rectangular
Region
is a rectangular region.
𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 × 𝑐, 𝑑 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑}
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)is continuous on 𝑅 and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≥ 0 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅
Volume
Partition 𝑎, 𝑏 into 𝑚 equal
subinterval of length of ∆𝑥 and 𝑐, 𝑑
into 𝑛 equal subintervals of length
∆𝑦.

The area of the 𝑅𝑖 is ∆𝐴𝑖 = ∆𝑥 ∙ ∆𝑦

(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑖∗ ) be an arbitrary point on the

subrectangle 𝑅𝑖 .

Construct a prism with 𝑅𝑖 as the

base and 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑖∗ ) as the height.

The volume of the prism is ∆𝐴𝑖 ∙

𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑖∗ )
Volume
The volume of a prism is ∆𝐴𝑖 ∙
𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑖∗ )

The volume of the of the solid

is approximately
𝑚𝑛

෍ ∆𝐴𝑖 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑖∗ )

𝑖=1
Volume

Let 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑛, as we increase the number of

subrectangles, we get closer to the exact
volume,

𝑉 = lim ෍ ∆𝐴𝑖 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑖∗ )

𝑁→∞
𝑖=1
Example

Approximate ‫ ׭‬8 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 over the region 𝑅 = 0,1 × [0,2]

Double Integral over Rectangular
Region
Let 𝑓 be a function of two variables defined on a closed rectangular region 𝑅.
The double integral of 𝑓 on 𝑅 is defined by
𝑁

ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = lim ෍ ∆𝐴𝑖 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑖∗ )

𝑅 𝑁→∞
𝑖=1

If it exist.

Remark: It gives the net signed volume of the solid bounded by the surface.

‫𝑥 𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴:= (volume of the portion above the 𝑥𝑦 plane) - (volume of the
portion below the 𝑥𝑦 plane)
Theorems
If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous on a closed rectangular region 𝑅, then it is integrable on
𝑅.
Theorems
Definition
Suppose 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is integrable on the rectangular region 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 × [𝑐, 𝑑]
𝒅
‫𝒙 𝒇 𝒄׬‬, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 is evaluated by holding 𝑥 fixed and integrating with respect to 𝑦,
called the partial integral of 𝒇 with respected to 𝒚.
𝑑
‫𝑥 𝑓 𝑐׬‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 is a function of 𝑥.
𝒃
‫𝒙 𝒇 𝒂׬‬, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 is evaluated by holding 𝑦 fixed and integrating with respect to 𝑥,
called the partial integral of 𝒇 with respected to 𝒙.

𝒃 𝒅 𝒅 𝒃
‫𝒇 𝒄׬ 𝒂׬‬ 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 and ‫𝒙 𝒇 𝒂׬ 𝒄׬‬, 𝒚 𝒅 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 are called integrated integrals.
Fubini's Theorem

If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous on a closed rectangular region 𝑅 = 𝑎, 𝑏 × [𝑐, 𝑑]

𝒃 𝒅 𝒅 𝒃
‫𝑥 𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ‫𝒇 𝒄׬ 𝒂׬‬ 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = ‫𝒇 𝒂׬ 𝒄׬‬ 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
Example
‫ ׭‬8 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 over the region 𝑅 = 0,1 × [0,2]
Example
‫ 𝐴𝑑 𝑦𝑥𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑦 ׭‬over the region 𝑅 = 0,2 × [0, 𝜋]
Double Integral over General
Region
If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous on a closed region
𝑅.
Consider the rectangular region 𝐷 =
𝑎, 𝑏 × [𝑐, 𝑑] and

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = ቊ
0 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷\𝑅

Volume= ‫𝑥 𝐹 𝑅׬‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
Types of Region
Type I Region
Example
Find the volume of the solid S bounded by the surface 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0, where 𝑅 is
enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
Example
Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surface 𝑥 2 9 − 𝑦 2 where 𝑅
the enclosed by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9.
 Double Integral in polar
rectangular region
Are of a sector =
1
A polar rectangle is a region bounded by 2 rays 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2 (included angle)
2
𝜽 = 𝜶 , 𝜽 = 𝜷 and 2 circles 𝒓 = 𝒂, 𝒓 = 𝒃
Let (𝑟𝑖∗ , 𝜃𝑖∗ ) be the center of
𝑅𝑖

∆𝐴𝑖 = 𝑟𝑖∗ ∆𝑟∆𝜃

Volume
= lim σ𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑟 ∗ ∗ ∗
𝑖 , 𝜃𝑖 )𝑟𝑖 ∆𝑟∆𝜃
𝑁→∞

=‫𝑟 𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝜃 𝑑𝐴
Example
Find the volume of the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4
Example
𝑦2
Find the volume of the surface 𝑧 = bounded by and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Theorem

If 𝑅 is a simple polar region bounded by the

rays 𝜽 = 𝜶 and 𝜽 = 𝜷 and by the curves 𝒓 =
𝒓𝟏 (𝜽) and 𝒓 = 𝒓𝟐 (𝜽). If 𝑓 is continuous on 𝑅,
then

𝜷 𝒓𝟐 (𝜽)
ඵ 𝒇 𝒓, 𝜽 𝒅𝑨 = න න 𝒇(𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽
𝜶 𝒓𝟏(𝜽)
𝑹
Theorem

If 𝑅 is a simple polar region bounded by the

curve 𝜽 = 𝒉𝟏 (𝒓) and 𝜽 = 𝒉𝟐 (𝜽) and by the
circles 𝑟 = 𝒂, 𝒓 = 𝒃 If 𝑓 is continuous on 𝑅, then

𝒃 𝒉𝟐 (𝜽)
ඵ 𝒇 𝒓, 𝜽 𝒅𝑨 = න න 𝒇(𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) 𝒓 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝒓
𝒂 𝒉𝟏(𝒓)
𝑹
Example
‫𝐴𝑑 𝑦 ׭‬, 𝑅 bounded by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 and 𝑥 = 𝑦
Example
Use double integrals to find the area of the region inside the
cardioid 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑐0𝑠𝜃 and outside the circle 𝑟 = 1.