1

APPLICATIONS OF
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
2

DENSITY AND MASS

➢In single integrals we computed moments and
the center of mass of a thin plate or lamina with
constant density.

In double integral, we can consider a

lamina with variable density.
Suppose the lamina occupies a region of
the 𝑥𝑦-plane
and its Density 𝝆(in units of mass per
unit area) at a point (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝐷 is given by
𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦), where 𝜌 is a continuous function
on 𝐷.
3

DENSITY AND MASS

This means that
∆𝒎
𝝆 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝑨
Where ∆𝑚 and ∆𝐴 are the mass and area of a small rectangle
contains 𝑥, 𝑦 . 𝑘 𝑙
∗ ∗
Total Mass 𝑚 ≈ ෍ ෍ 𝜌(𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ) ∆𝐴
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
∗ ∗
Where: 𝜌 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ∆𝐴 = approximated mass of 𝑅𝑖𝑗

𝑘 𝑙
∗ ∗
𝒎 = lim ෍ ෍ 𝜌(𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ) ∆𝐴 = ඵ 𝝆(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨
𝑘,𝑙→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑫
4

MOMENTS AND
CENTER OF MASS
➢We define moment of a particle about an axis as the product of
its mass and its directed distance from the axis.
∗ ∗
The mass of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 is approximately 𝜌 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ∆𝐴, so
We can approximate the moment of 𝑅𝑖𝑗 with respect to 𝑥-axis by
∗ ∗ ∗
𝜌 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ∆𝐴 𝑦𝑖𝑗
𝑚 𝑛
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑀𝑥 = lim ෍ ෍ 𝑦𝑖𝑗 𝜌 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ∆𝐴 = ඵ 𝑦 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝐷
𝑚 𝑛
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑀𝑦 = lim ෍ ෍ 𝑥𝑖𝑗 𝜌 𝑥𝑖𝑗 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗 ∆𝐴 = ඵ 𝑥 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝐷
5

MOMENTS AND
CENTER OF MASS
➢We define the center of mass 𝒙 ഥ, 𝒚
ഥ so that 𝑚𝑥ҧ = 𝑀𝑦 and 𝑚𝑦ത = 𝑀𝑥 .
Then the coordinates 𝒙ഥ, 𝒚
ഥ of the center of mass of a lamina
occupying the region 𝐷 and having density function 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) are

𝑀𝑦 1 𝑀𝑥 1
𝑥ҧ = = ඵ 𝑥 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑦ത = = ඵ 𝑦 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝐷 𝐷
Where the mass 𝑚 is given by

𝑚 = ඵ 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
𝐷
6

EXAMPLE
1. Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular lamina with vertices (0, 0),
(1, 0), and (0, 2) if the density function is 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦.
Solution: Note that the upper boundary is 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 2 = 2 − 2𝑥

1 2−2𝑥 1 𝑦=2−2𝑥
𝑦2
𝒎 = ඵ 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = න න 1 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 2 𝑦=0
𝑦 𝐷 1
(0,2)
𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥
= න (2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1 3 1 1
𝑥
= 4 න (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 =4 𝑥− =4 1−
0 3 3
0
𝟖
=
𝟑
0 (1,0) 𝑥
7

EXAMPLE
1. Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular lamina with vertices (0, 0),
(1, 0), and (0, 2) if the density function is 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦.
Solution: Note that the upper boundary is 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 2 = 2 − 2𝑥
8
𝒎= 1 3 1 2−2𝑥 2
3 ഥ
𝒙 = ‫׭‬ 𝑥 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = ‫׬‬ ‫׬‬
8 0 0
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 𝐷
3 1 𝑦 2 𝑦=2−2𝑥 3 1
𝑦
= ‫׬‬
8 0
2
𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 (𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦=0
(0,2) 3 𝑥2 𝑥4
1
3 1 1 𝟑
𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥 =2 2 − 4 =2 2−4 =
0 𝟖
3 11 1 3 1 2−2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
, ഥ
𝒚 = ‫׭‬ 𝑦 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = ‫׬‬ ‫׬‬ 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦
8 16 𝑚 𝐷 8 0 0
𝑦=2−2𝑥
3 1 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦3
= 8 ‫׬‬0 2 + 3𝑥 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ‫׬‬1(7 − 9𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦=0 4 0
1 𝑥2 2 𝑥4
1
1 9 5 𝟏𝟏
0 (1,0) 𝑥 =4 7−9 2 −𝑥 +5 4 = 7− −1+ =
0 4 2 4 𝟏𝟔
8

EXAMPLE
2. The density at any point on a semicircular lamina is proportional to the
distance from the center of the circle. Find the center of mass of the lamina.
Solution:
The distance from a point (𝑥, 𝑦) to the center of the circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2.
𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐾 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 where 𝐾 is some constant.
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟 𝐷= 𝑟, 𝜃 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋}
𝜋 𝑎
𝑦
𝑚 = ඵ 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ 𝐾 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝐾𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 𝐷 𝐷 0 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝜋 𝑎 3 𝑎
𝑟 𝐾𝜋𝑎3
= 𝐾 න 𝑑𝜃 න 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐾𝜋 ቉ =
0 0 3 0
3
−𝑎 0 𝑎 𝑥
9

EXAMPLE
2. The density at any point on a semicircular lamina is proportional to the
distance from the center of the circle. Find the center of mass of the lamina.
Solution: Since both lamina and the density function is symmetric with
𝐾𝜋𝑎3 respect to the 𝑦-axis, then ഥ
𝒙=𝟎
𝑚= 𝜋 𝑎
3 1 3
ഥ = ඵ 𝑦 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
𝒚 = 3
න න 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝐾𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑚 𝐷 𝐾𝜋𝑎 0 0
𝜋 𝑎
3
𝑦 = 3 න sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 න 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟
𝜋𝑎 0 0
𝑎 𝑎
2 2 2 3 𝑟 4
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑎
= 3 [− cos 𝜃]𝜋0
𝟑𝒂
𝟎, 𝟐𝝅 𝜋𝑎 4 0
3 2𝑎4 𝟑𝒂
= 3 =
−𝑎 0 𝑎 𝑥 𝜋𝑎 4 𝟐𝝅
10

MOMENT OF INERTIA
• Also called the Second Moment of a particle about an axis
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
Moment of Inertia about the 𝒙-axis:
𝐼𝑥 = ඵ 𝑦 2 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
𝐷
Moment of Inertia about the 𝒚-axis:
𝐼𝑦 = ඵ 𝑥 2 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴
𝐷
Moment of Inertia about the origin (Polar Moment of Inertia):
𝐼0 = ඵ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
𝐷
11

EXAMPLE
Find the moments of Inertia 𝐼𝑥 , 𝐼𝑦 , and 𝐼0 of a homogeneous disk 𝐷
with density 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝜌, center the origin, and radius 𝑎.
𝐷: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝑟, 𝜃 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋}
2𝜋 𝑎 2𝜋 𝑎
𝑰𝟎 = ඵ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌 න න 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜌 න 𝑑𝜃 න 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟
𝐷 0 0 0 0
4 𝑎
𝑟 𝝅𝝆𝒂𝟒 1 2 2 𝟏
= 2𝜋𝜌 = = 𝜌 𝜋𝑎 a = 𝒎𝒂𝟐
4 𝟐 2 𝟐
Since, 𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦 and 0

𝐷 is symmetric to the origin, 𝑚 = density × area = 𝜌 𝜋𝑎2

𝐼0 𝝅𝝆𝒂𝟒 𝟏
𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰𝒚 = = 𝑰𝟎 = 𝒎𝒂𝟐
2 𝟒 𝟐
12

𝟏
𝑰𝟎 = 𝒎𝒂𝟐
𝟐
• Thus if we increase the mass or
the radius of the disk, we thereby
increase the moment of inertia.
• In general, the moment of inertia
plays much the same role in
rotational motion that mass plays
in linear motion.
• The moment of inertia of a wheel
is what makes it difficult to start
or stop the rotation of the wheel, Red: Spherical Shell
• just as the mass of a car is what Orange: Spherical Solid
makes it difficult to start or stop Green: Hollow Cylinder
the motion of the car. Blue: Solid Cylinder
13

PROBABILITY
Probability density function of a continuous random variable X
∞
𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑥, න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
−∞
𝒃
𝑷 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 = න 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
The joint density function of X and Y is a function 𝑓 of two variables such
that the probability that (𝑋, 𝑌) lies in a region 𝐷 is
𝑷 𝑿, 𝒀 ∈ 𝑫 = ඵ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝑨
𝑫
In particular, if the region is rectangle,
𝑏 𝑑
𝑃 𝑎 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑌 ≤ 𝑑 = න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐
∞ ∞
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0, ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1
ℝ2 −∞ −∞
14

EXAMPLE
1. If the joint density function for X and Y is given by
𝐶(𝑥 + 2𝑦) if 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 10
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = ቊ
0 otherwise
find the value of C. Then find 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 7, 𝑌 ≥ 2 .
Solution: Find 𝐶 by ensuring that ‫׭‬ℝ2 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 1
∞ ∞ 10 10 10 𝑦=10
‫׬‬−∞ ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝐶(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑦=0 𝑑𝑥
10 𝟏
= 𝐶 ‫׬‬0 (10𝑥 + 100) 𝑑𝑥 = 1500𝐶 = 1 𝑪=
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
7 ∞ 7 10 1
𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 7, 𝑌 ≥ 2 = ‫׬‬−∞ ‫׬‬2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬2 1500 (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 7 2 𝑦=10 1 7
= ‫׬‬ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑦=2 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 8𝑥 + 96 𝑑𝑥
1500 0 1500 0
1 2 𝑥=7 868
= 1500
4𝑥 + 96𝑥 𝑥=0 = 1500 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟕
15

EXAMPLE
(INDEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES)
2. The manager of a movie theater determines that the average time movie
goers wait in line to buy a ticket for this week’s film is 10 minutes and the
average time they wait to buy popcorn is 5 minutes. Assuming that the
waiting times are independent, find the probability that a moviegoer waits a
total of less than 20 minutes before taking his or her seat.
Solution: We model waiting times by using exponential density functions
0 if 𝑡 < 0
𝑓 𝑡 =ቊ
𝜇 −1 𝑒 −𝑡Τ𝜇 if 𝑡 ≥ 0
Assuming that both the waiting time X for the ticket purchase and the waiting
time Y in the refreshment line
0 if 𝑥 < 0 0 if 𝑦 < 0
𝑓1 𝑥 = ൝ 1 𝑒 −𝑥Τ10 𝑓2 𝑦 = ൝1 𝑒 −𝑦Τ5
10 if 𝑥 ≥ 0 5
if 𝑦 ≥ 0

Since X and Y are independent their joint density function is 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦

16

EXAMPLE
(INDEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES)
1 −𝑥Τ10 −𝑦Τ5
𝑒 𝑒 if 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 = ൝50
0 otherwise

𝑷 𝑿 + 𝒀 < 𝟐𝟎 = 𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 ∈ 𝐷
20 20−𝑥
1 −𝑥Τ10 −𝑦Τ5
= ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 0 0 50
1 20 −𝑥Τ10 𝑦=20−𝑥
= න 𝑒 (−5)𝑒 −𝑦Τ5 𝑑𝑥
50 0 𝑦=0

1 20 −𝑥Τ10 1 20 −𝑥Τ10
= න 𝑒 1−𝑒 𝑥−20 Τ5
𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑒 − 𝑒 −4 𝑒 𝑥Τ10 𝑑𝑥
50 0 50 0

= 1 + 𝑒 −4 − 2𝑒 −2 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟔
17

EXAMPLE
(NORMAL DISTRIBUTION)
3. A factory produces (cylindrically shaped) roller bearings that are sold as
having diameter 4.0 cm and length 6.0 cm. In fact, the diameters X are
normally distributed with mean 4.0 cm and standard deviation 0.01 cm
while the lengths Y are normally distributed with mean 6.0 cm and standard
deviation 0.01 cm. Assuming that X and Y are independent, write the joint
density function. Find the probability that a bearing randomly chosen from
the production line has either length or diameter that differs from the mean
by more than 0.02 cm.
Solution: We are given that X and Y are normally distributed with 𝜇1 = 4.0, 𝜇2 = 6.0
and 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 = 0.01
1 − 𝑥−𝜇 2 ൗ 2𝜎2 So the individual density functions for X and Y are
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝜎 2𝜋
1 − 𝑥−4 2 Τ0.0002 1 − 𝑦−6 2 Τ0.0002
𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑓2 𝑦 = 𝑒
0.01 2𝜋 0.01 2𝜋
18

EXAMPLE
(NORMAL DISTRIBUTION)
Since X and Y are independent their joint density function is
1 − 𝑥−4 2 Τ0.0002 − 𝑦−6 2 Τ0.0002
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑓2 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒
0.0002𝜋
5000 −5000 𝑥−4 2+ 𝑦−6 2
𝜇1 = 4.0, 𝜇2 = 6.0 = 𝑒
𝜋
𝑑 = 0.02
4.02 6.02
𝑃 3.98 < 𝑋 < 4.02, 5.98 < 𝑌 < 6.02 =න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
3.98 5.98
4.02
6.02
5000 𝑥−4 2 + 𝑦−6 2
= න න 𝑒 −5000 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 3.98 5.98
≈ 0.91
Then the probability that either X or Y differs from its mean by more than 0.02 cm is
approximately 1 − 0.91 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
 19

END OF SLIDES