Math 2011-Introduction to Multivariable Calculus (Edited by Dr.

Hon-Ming HO)
Practice Exercises 11: Tangent Planes and Differentials

Exercise 1:

Find equations of the tangent planes and normal lines at the given point 𝑃0 on the following surfaces.

a) cos(𝜋𝑥) − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 = 4 and 𝑃0 (0 ,1 ,2) .

b) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑃0 (0 ,1 ,0) .
c) 𝑧 = ln |𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 | and 𝑃0 (1 ,0 ,0) .

Solution to Exercise 1a):

Recall the following facts: (i) every plane is determined by one of its normal vector and a point on the desired plane, (ii) tangent
plane to a level surface 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘 at a given point (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) is perpendicular to gradient vector 𝛻𝑔(𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑐) .

1) Things to do: Treat the given surface as a level surface of some function having three variables 𝑤 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at a certain
height. Find a choice of function 𝑔 . Compute gradient vector of 𝑔 at the given point. In this example, there are infinitely
many possible choices for the target function 𝑔 . One simple choice is 𝑤 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≝ cos(𝜋𝑥) − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 . Thus
the given surface can be regarded as a level surface of 𝑔 at height 𝑤 = 4 .
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝛻𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≝< , , > =< −𝜋 sin(𝜋𝑥) − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧𝑒𝑥𝑧 , −𝑥2 + 𝑧 , 𝑥𝑒𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦 > ⇒ 𝛻𝑔(0 ,1 ,2) =< 𝟐 , 𝟐 𝟏, > .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2) Things to do: Take a testing point 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) on the desired plane. Draw a vector from the point of tangency 𝑃0 to the
testing point to form a vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃0 𝑄 . Treat the obtained gradient vector as a free vector instead of a standard position vector.
Transport the obtained gradient vector to the point of tangency. Use the perpendicularity of the gradient vector and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃0 𝑄 to
find the desired equation.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃0 𝑄 ⦁ 𝛻𝑔(𝟎 , 𝟏 , 𝟐) = 0 ⇒ < 𝑥 − 𝟎 ,𝑦 − 𝟏 ,𝑧 − 𝟐 > ⦁ < 𝟐 ,𝟐 ,𝟏 > = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4 = 0 .

The normal line to the level surface at 𝑃0 (0 ,1 ,2) is given by 𝑥 = 𝟎 + (𝟐)𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝟏 + (𝟐)𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝟐 + (𝟏)𝑡 where −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞ .

Solution to Exercise 1b):

Without using the concept of level surfaces and gradient vectors, we can conclude that the equation of the desired tangent plane
in part b) is given by 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 . Can you explain why? The normal line is given by 𝑥 = 0 + (1)𝑡 , 𝑦 = 1 + (1)𝑡 , 𝑧 = 0 +
(1)𝑡 where −∞ < 𝑡 < ∞ .

Solution to Exercise 1c):

Recall the following facts: (i) every plane is determined by one of its normal vector and a point on the desired plane, (ii) tangent
plane to a level surface 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘 at a given point (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) is perpendicular to gradient vector 𝛻𝑔(𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑐) .

1) Things to do: Treat the given surface as a level surface of some function having three variables 𝑤 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at a certain
height. Find a choice of function 𝑔 . Compute gradient vector of 𝑔 at the given point. In this example, there are infinitely
many possible choices for the target function 𝑔 . One simple choice is 𝑤 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≝ ln|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 | − 𝑧 . Thus the given
surface can be regarded as a level surface of 𝑔 at height 𝑤 = 4 .
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 2𝑥 2𝑦
𝛻𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≝< , , > =< 2 , 2 , −1 > ⇒ 𝛻𝑔(1 ,0 ,0) =< 𝟐 , 𝟎 , −𝟏, > .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2

2) Things to do: Take a testing point 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) on the desired plane. Draw a vector from the point of tangency 𝑃0 to the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
testing point to form a vector 𝑃 0 𝑄 . Treat the obtained gradient vector as a free vector instead of a standard position vector.
Transport the obtained gradient vector to the point of tangency. Use the perpendicularity of the gradient vector and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃0 𝑄 to
find the desired equation.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃0 𝑄 ⦁ 𝛻𝑔(𝟏 , 𝟎 , 𝟎) = 0 ⇒ < 𝑥 − 𝟏 , 𝑦 − 𝟎 , 𝑧 − 𝟎 > ⦁ < 𝟐 , 𝟎 , −𝟏, > = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑧 − 2 = 0 .

Practice Exercises 11 (edited by Dr. Hon-Ming HO)-page 1

Exercise 2:

Find parametric equations for line tangent to the intersection curve of the surfaces at the given point.

a) Surfaces 𝑆1 ∶ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1 and 𝑆2 ∶ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 = 6 at point 𝑃0 (1 ,1 ,1) .

b) Surfaces 𝑆1 ∶ 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑆2 ∶ 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 = 4 at point 𝑃0 (1 ,1 ,1) .

Solution to Exercise 2a:

Recall a fact about lines in 3-space: every line in 3-space is determined by a vector 𝑣 parallel to the line and a point on the line.
In this case, we may choose 𝑃0 because 𝑃0 is the point of tangency. The remaining question is to find a vector 𝑣 parallel to the
desired tangent line.

1) Things to do: Regard one of the given surfaces as a level surface of some function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at a certain height 𝑤 =
𝑘 . There are infinitely many possible choices of 𝑓 and 𝑘 . Choose a simplest pair. Compute the gradient vector of the 1 st
surface. In this example, let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 . Thus the surface 𝑆1 is a level surface of 𝑓 at height 𝑤 = 1 . The
gradient vector of 𝑓 is given by

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝛻𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =< , , > =< 𝑦𝑧 , 𝑧𝑥 , 𝑥𝑦 > ⇒ 𝛻𝑓(1,1,1) =< 1 ,1 ,1 > .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2) Things to do: Do the same thing on the 2nd surface. In this example, let 𝑤 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 . Thus the surface
𝑆2 can be regarded as a level surface of 𝑔 at height 𝑤 = 6 . The gradient vector of 𝑔 is given by
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝛻𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =< , , > =< 2𝑥 ,4𝑦 ,6𝑧 > ⇒ 𝛻𝑔(1,1,1) =< 2 ,4 ,6 > .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3) Idea: We may regard vector 𝒗 ⃗ as a tangent vector to the intersecting curve 𝑬 at point 𝑷𝟎 (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) . What is the
geometric relation between vectors 𝒗 ⃗ , 𝜵𝒇(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) and 𝜵𝒈(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) ? On the one hand, since the intersecting curve 𝐸
lies on the surface 𝑆1 ∶ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1 , the desired tangent vector 𝑣⃑ must lie on the tangent plane to the surface 𝑆1 . It is known
that 𝛻𝑓(1,1,1) is perpendicular to the tangent plane. Thus 𝛻𝑓(1,1,1) ⊥ 𝑣 . On the other hand, since the intersecting
curve 𝐸 lies on the surface 𝑆2 , the tangent vector 𝑣 at 𝑃0 must lie on the tangent plane to the surface 𝑺𝟐 at 𝑷𝟎 . (For
this fact, please refer to the geometric property of tangent planes.). It is known that 𝛻𝑔(1,1,1) is perpendicular to the
tangent plane to the surface 𝑺𝟐 at 𝑷𝟎 . Thus 𝛻𝑔(1,1,1) ⊥ 𝑣 .
4) Things to do: Compute the cross-product of the two obtained gradient vectors. The cross-product must be parallel to the
desired tangent line at the given point. In this example, we have
𝑖 𝑗 ⃗
𝑘
𝜵𝒇(𝑷𝟎 ) × 𝜵𝒈(𝑷𝟎 ) = |𝟏 𝟏 ⃗ .
𝟏| = 2 𝑖 − 4 𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔

Conclusion: The parametric equations of the tangent line at 𝑃0 are given by 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 1 − 4𝑡 , 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑡 .

Solution to Exercise 2b:

Since the surface 𝑆1 is a plane perpendicular to the 𝑥-axis, there are two possible ways to compute the desired parametric
equations for the tangent line at 𝑃0 (1 ,1 ,1) . Can you explain why?

Recall a fact about lines in 3-space: every line in 3-space is determined by a vector 𝑣 parallel to the line and a point on the line.
In this case, we may choose 𝑃0 because 𝑃0 is the point of tangency. The remaining question is to find a vector 𝑣 parallel to the
desired tangent line.

1) Things to do: Regard one of the given surfaces as a level surface of some function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at a certain height 𝑤 =
𝑘 . There are infinitely many possible choices of 𝑓 and 𝑘 . Choose a simplest pair. Compute the gradient vector of the 1 st
surface. In this example, since the surface 𝑆1 is a plane, we may choose

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝛻𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =< , , > =< 1 ,0 ,0 > ⇒ 𝛻𝑓(1,1,1) =< 1 ,0 ,0 > .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2) Things to do: Do the same thing on the 2nd surface. In this example, let 𝑤 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 . Thus the surface 𝑆2
can be regarded as a level surface of 𝑔 at height 𝑤 = 4 . The gradient vector of 𝑔 is given by

Practice Exercises 11 (edited by Dr. Hon-Ming HO)-page 2

 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝛻𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =< , , > =< 1 ,2𝑦 ,2 > ⇒ 𝛻𝑔(1,1,1) =< 1 ,2 ,2 > .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3) Idea: We may regard vector 𝒗 ⃗ as a tangent vector to the intersecting curve 𝑬 at point 𝑷𝟎 (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) . What is the
geometric relation between vectors 𝒗 ⃗ , 𝜵𝒇(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) and 𝜵𝒈(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) ? On the one hand, since the intersecting curve 𝐸
lies on the surface 𝑆1 ∶ 𝑥 = 1 , the desired tangent vector 𝑣⃑ must lie on the tangent plane to the surface 𝑆1 . It is known
that 𝛻𝑓(1,1,1) is perpendicular to the tangent plane. Thus 𝛻𝑓(1,1,1) ⊥ 𝑣 . On the other hand, since the intersecting
curve 𝐸 lies on the surface 𝑆2 , the tangent vector 𝑣 at 𝑃0 must lie on the tangent plane to the surface 𝑺𝟐 at 𝑷𝟎 . (For
this fact, please refer to the geometric property of tangent planes.). It is known that 𝛻𝑔(1,1,1) is perpendicular to the
tangent plane to the surface 𝑺𝟐 at 𝑷𝟎 . Thus 𝛻𝑔(1,1,1) ⊥ 𝑣 .
4) Things to do: Compute the cross-product of the two obtained gradient vectors. The cross-product must be parallel to the
desired tangent line at the given point. In this example, we have
𝑖 𝑗 ⃗
𝑘
𝜵𝒇(𝑷𝟎 ) × 𝜵𝒈(𝑷𝟎 ) = |𝟏 𝟎 ⃗ .
𝟎| = 0 𝑖 − 2 𝑗 + 2𝑘
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐

Conclusion: The parametric equations of the tangent line at 𝑃0 are given by 𝑥 = 1 + (0)𝑡 , 𝑦 = 1 + (−2)𝑡 , 𝑧 = 1 + (2)𝑡 .

Exercise 3:

By about how much will 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑦𝑧) change as the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑧) moves from the origin a distance of
𝑑𝑠 = 0.1 unit in the direction of < 2 ,2 , −2 > ?

Solution to Exercise 3:

The question above is equivalent to approximate the change of the value of 𝑤 if the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑧) moves from the origin to
another point 𝑄(0 + ∆𝑥 ,0 + ∆𝑦 ,0 + ∆𝑧) where vector 𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑ has the same direction as the vector < 2 ,2 , −2 > and |𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑| =
0.1 . Recall a fact about local linear approximation.

𝒅𝒇 ≝ 𝑳(𝒙𝟎 + ∆𝒙 , 𝒚𝟎 + ∆𝒚 , 𝒛𝟎 + ∆𝒛) − 𝑳(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) = ∆𝒙 ∙ 𝒇𝒙 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) + ∆𝒚 ∙ 𝒇𝒚 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) + ∆𝒛 ∙ 𝒇𝒛 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) ,

𝑑𝑓 ≈ the actual change of function 𝑓 when point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) moves from (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) to (𝑥0 + ∆𝑥 , 𝑦0 + ∆𝑦 , 𝑧0 + ∆𝑧) .

1) Things to do: Identify starting point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) and the ending point (𝑥0 + ∆𝑥 , 𝑦0 + ∆𝑦 , 𝑧0 + ∆𝑧) . Find the three
increments ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 . In this example, since the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑧) moves from the origin to another point
𝑄(0 + ∆𝑥 ,0 + ∆𝑦 ,0 + ∆𝑧) , we have 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 = 𝟎 . The three increments are determined by the following
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑ = (0.1) ∙ <2 ,2 ,−2> which implies that < ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 >=< 1 , 1 , −1 > .
condition 𝑂𝑄 |<2 ,2 ,−2>| 10√3 10√3 10√3
2) Things to do: To compute 𝑑𝑓 , we compute the three partial derivatives of the given function and then evaluate the partial
derivatives at the starting point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) . In this example, the three partial derivatives are as follows.
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑦𝑧) ⟹ 𝒇𝒙 (𝟎 , 𝟎 , 𝟎) = (0 ,0 ,0) = 1 ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= −𝑧𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦𝑧) ⟹ 𝒇𝒚 (𝟎 , 𝟎 , 𝟎) = (0 ,0 ,0) = 0 ,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= −𝑦𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑦𝑧) ⟹ 𝒇𝒛 (𝟎 , 𝟎 , 𝟎) = (0 ,0 ,0) = 0 .
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
3) Things to do: Compute the total differential 𝑑𝑓 .
1 1 −1 1
𝑑𝑓 = ∆𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) + ∆𝑦 ∙ 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) + ∆𝑧 ∙ 𝑓𝑧 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) = ( ) (1) + ( ) (0) + ( ) (0) = .
10√3 10√3 10√3 10√3
1 1 −1
Conclusion: The actual change of function 𝑓 given by ∆𝑓 ≝ 𝑓 ( , , ) − 𝑓(0 ,0 ,0) is approximately equal to 𝑑𝑓 =
10√3 10√3 10√3
1
.
10√3

Practice Exercises 11 (edited by Dr. Hon-Ming HO)-page 3

Exercise 4:

By about how much will 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) = ln √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 change as the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑧) moves from (3 ,4 ,12) a distance
⃗⃑ ?
of 𝑑𝑠 = 0.1 unit in the direction of 3𝑖⃑ + 6𝑗⃑ − 2𝑘

Solution to Exercise 4:

The question above is equivalent to approximate the actual change of the value of 𝑤 if the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑧) moves from
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑
𝑃0 (3 ,4 ,12) to another point 𝑄(3 + ∆𝑥 ,4 + ∆𝑦 ,12 + ∆𝑧) where vector 𝑃 0 𝑄 has the same direction as the vector 3𝑖⃑ + 6𝑗⃑ −
⃗⃑ and |𝑃
2𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑
0 𝑄 | = 0.1 . Recall a fact about local linear approximation.

𝒅𝒇 ≝ 𝑳(𝒙𝟎 + ∆𝒙 , 𝒚𝟎 + ∆𝒚 , 𝒛𝟎 + ∆𝒛) − 𝑳(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) = ∆𝒙 ∙ 𝒇𝒙 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) + ∆𝒚 ∙ 𝒇𝒚 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) + ∆𝒛 ∙ 𝒇𝒛 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 ) ,

𝑑𝑓 ≈ the actual change of function 𝑓 when point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) moves from (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) to (𝑥0 + ∆𝑥 , 𝑦0 + ∆𝑦 , 𝑧0 + ∆𝑧) .

4) Things to do: Identify starting point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) and the ending point (𝑥0 + ∆𝑥 , 𝑦0 + ∆𝑦 , 𝑧0 + ∆𝑧) . Find the three
increments ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 . In this example, since the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑧) moves from 𝑃0 (3 ,4 ,12) to another point
𝑄(3 + ∆𝑥 ,4 + ∆𝑦 ,12 + ∆𝑧) , we have 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟑 , 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟒 , 𝒛𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐 . The three increments are determined by the following
3𝑖⃑+6𝑗⃑−2𝑘⃗⃑ 3 3 −1
condition ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃑
𝑃0 𝑄 = (0.1) ∙ |<3 which implies that < ∆𝑥 , ∆𝑦 , ∆𝑧 >=< , , > .
,6 ,−2>| 70 35 35
5) Things to do: To compute 𝑑𝑓 , we compute the three partial derivatives of the given function and then evaluate the partial
derivatives at the starting point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) . In this example, the three partial derivatives are as follows.
𝜕𝑓 𝑥 𝜕𝑓 3
= 2 2 2
⟹ 𝒇𝒙 (3 ,4 ,12) = (3 ,4 ,12) = ,
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 169
𝜕𝑓 𝑦 𝜕𝑓 4
= ⟹ 𝒇𝒚 (3 ,4 ,12) = (3 ,4 ,12) = ,
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝜕𝑦 169
𝜕𝑓 𝑧 𝜕𝑓 12
= 2 2 2
⟹ 𝒇𝒛 (3 ,4 ,12) = (3 ,4 ,12) = .
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 169
6) Things to do: Compute the total differential 𝑑𝑓 .
3 3 4 3 12 −1 9
𝑑𝑓 = ∆𝑥 ∙ 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) + ∆𝑦 ∙ 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) + ∆𝑧 ∙ 𝑓𝑧 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) = ( )( ) + ( )( ) + ( )( ) = .
169 70 169 35 169 35 11830
3 3 −1
Conclusion: The actual change of function 𝑓 given by ∆𝑓 ≝ 𝑓 (3 + ,4 + ,12 + ( )) − 𝑓(3 ,4 ,12) is approximately equal
70 35 35
9
to 𝑑𝑓 = .
11830

Practice Exercises 11 (edited by Dr. Hon-Ming HO)-page 4