Notes on Constructions

Ian Malloy

April 2020

Abstract: An attempt to establish Hilbert space induced by a topology (𝑋, 𝒪) on a disc with radius

cos(𝑒).
 A family {𝑘𝜆 }𝜆∈Λ of pairwise orthogonal unit vectors in a Hilbert space 𝐻 is called a

Hilbert basis 𝛽 ∈ 𝐻. 𝛽 ∈ 𝐻 is orthogonal to the zero vector (Jänich 1984). Assume the metric

𝑑 (𝑣, 𝑤) ≔ ‖𝑣 − 𝑤‖ with norm ‖𝑣 ‖ ≔ √〈𝑣, 𝑣 〉 (Jänich 1984). Recall {𝑘𝜆 }𝜆∈Λ ⊥ {0}. Let 𝑆 be a

subspace 𝑆 ⊆ 𝐻. If 𝑣𝑆 ∈ 𝑆 then {𝑣𝑆 } ∈ {𝑘𝜆 }𝜆∈Λ or {𝑣𝑆 } ⊥ {𝑘𝜆 }𝜆∈Λ and {𝑣𝑆 } = {0}. For any

𝑣𝑆 ∈ {𝑘𝜆 }𝜆∈Λ or {𝑣𝑆 } = {0}. If {⃑⃑⃑

subspace such that {𝑣𝑆 ∈ 𝑆} then ⃑⃑⃑ 𝑣𝑠 } ∈ {𝑘𝜆 } and 𝑣𝑆 ∈ 𝑆 then 𝛽 ∈

𝑆, which demonstrates that 𝑆 is a Hilbert space given all Hilbert spaces have a Hilbert basis. For

the family of vectors, {𝑘𝜆 }𝜆∈Λ is the Hilbert basis 𝛽 ∈ 𝐻 of which we define the metric:

𝑑(cos(𝑒 𝑥 ) , −𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 )) ≔ ‖cos(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 )‖

Equation 1 - Metric

The zero vector is the only vector orthogonal to the family of vectors {𝑘𝜆 }𝜆∈Λ (Jänich

1984). For the unit disc we induce Hausdorff space by recalling every metric space is a

Hausdorff space (Jänich 1984). Thus, for the topological space (𝑋, 𝒪) ⊆ 𝐻 the metric of 𝑋 is

defined as 𝑑 (𝑣𝑋 , 𝑤𝑋 ) = 1 which is the unit vector of the topological vector space. This

topological space (𝑋, 𝒪) is induced by a linear automorphism Θ: 𝑋 → 𝑋 with respect to the unit

vector. Consider the unit disc with radius cos (𝑒) centered about the origin 𝒪 having vector

addition and scalar multiplication defined.

We introduce the following vector space as Equation 2, such that the rotation of the unit disc is

determined by 𝑟𝜃 as the arc length having 𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 ) as its origin.

∞ ∞ ∞
(−1)𝑘2 𝑖 𝑘1 𝑒 𝑘1 +2𝑘2
cos(𝑒) 𝑒 𝑖𝑒 + 𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2𝑖 ∑ (−1)𝑘 𝑞−1+2𝑘 + ∑ ∑
𝑘1 ! (2𝑘2 )!
𝑘=1 𝑘1 =0 𝑘2 =0

Equation 2 – Vector space

Figure 1 - Graph of Equation 1 as viewed in Wolfram Alpha

The addition of the vectors cos(𝑒) 𝑒 𝑖𝑒 + 𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 ) is periodic in 𝑥 with period 2𝑖𝜋 for

scalar cos(𝑒). This is given by the generator element 〈𝑟, Θ〉 with respect to the linear

automorphism Θ of the topological vector space 𝑋. The unit disc is metrizable given (𝑋, 𝒪) has

90° 𝑒 𝑖𝑒
metric 𝑑 such that the unit vector given under Θ is (− 2
, ) with length 1.
√1+8100° √1+8100°2

Figure 2 - Unit Disc

 90° 𝑒 𝑖𝑒
𝑘̂Θ = (− , )
√1 + 8100°2 √1 + 8100°2

Equation 3 - Unit Vector 1

An additional unit vector given by the field 𝐾 is constructed by the following:

{𝑣⃗ | 𝑣1 = cos(𝑒 𝑥 ) ∈ {𝑘𝜆∈Λ}}, {𝑤

⃑⃑⃗ | 𝑤1 = −𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 ) ∈ {𝑘𝜆∈Λ}}

Equation 4 - K-field family of vectors

Given the K-field family of vectors, this defines a K-field extension of the topological vector

space (𝑋, 𝒪) such that the vector length of this extension is given by √|cos(𝑒 𝑠 )|2 + |sec(𝑒 𝑥 )|2

90° 𝑒 𝑖𝑒
with respect to the unit vector (− , ).
√1+8100°2 √1+8100°2

√|cos(𝑒 𝑥 )|2 + |sec(𝑒 𝑥 )|2

Equation 5 – K-field extension metric

We treat ‖𝑣 − 𝑤‖ defined as the metric of 𝐻 symbolized 𝑑(𝑣, 𝑤) = ‖cos(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 )‖. For

−8𝑖
𝜃 = −90° we introduce the transcendental term which yields the following series as a
𝜋

complex valued vector space which spans the arc length 𝑟𝜃 ∈ 𝑋:

8𝑖 2𝑖 8𝑖
− ≅ (− 𝑘 ; − 𝑘 )
𝜋 ∞ (−1) 1 1 2 1
∑𝑘=0 ∞
∑𝑘=0 (− ) (
1 + 2𝑘 4 1 + 2𝑘 + 1 + 4𝑘 + 3 + 4𝑘 )

Equation 6 – Span of X
 2𝑖 Λ1 8𝑖
We now introduce the transform Λ1 such that − (−1)𝑘
→ − 1 𝑘 1 2 1
∑∞
𝑘=0 1+2𝑘 ∑∞
𝑘=0(−4) (1+2𝑘+1+4𝑘+3+4𝑘)

8𝑖 8𝑖 Λ2 −2𝑖
which in turn maps to − 𝜃 such that 〈𝑟, Θ〉 ⊆ ‖cos(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 )‖ and− 𝜃 → 𝑥 𝑥 . For
𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑒 +𝑒 𝑖𝑒

𝑖𝜋 −2𝑖
Λ ∘ Θ we define the integral ∫0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≈ −𝜋 over a given period 2𝑖𝜋.
𝑒 −𝑖𝑒 +𝑒 𝑖𝑒

For arbitrary 𝑥, there is a function such that:

Θ 𝑖𝑒
−𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 ) → cos(𝑒)𝑒 𝑖𝑒

𝑖𝑒 −8𝑖
where the transformation Λ of cos(𝑒)𝑒 𝑖𝑒 yields for 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋. Because the topological space 𝑋
𝜃𝑥

is a subset of 𝐻, we may assert that the metric of 𝑋 is an element of the family of pairwise

orthogonal unit vectors of 𝐻 and there is then a metric such that the unit vector satisfies

𝒪 (𝑑 ) = 𝒪, {𝑣, 𝑤 | 𝑑(𝑣𝑋 , 𝑤𝑋 ) ∈ {𝑘𝜆 }𝜆∈Λ}} ⟹ 𝒪 (𝑑 ) = 𝒪

Equation 7 - Metric Space

we may treat the topological space 𝑋 as metrizable (Jänich 1984). Given the topological space

𝑋 is metrizable it is then in Hausdorff space (Jänich 1984) as a subset of Hilbert space.

Figure 3 – Superposition of functions as viewed in Wolfram Alpha

For the given metric 𝑑(cos(𝑒 𝑥 ) , −𝑖 sec(𝑒 𝑥 )) we define the following limits:

lim 𝑑{cos(𝑒 𝑥 ), −𝑖sec(𝑒 𝑥 )} = 𝑑 cos (1)

𝑥→0−

lim 𝑑{cos(𝑒 𝑥 ), −𝑖sec(𝑒 𝑥 )} = −𝑖 𝑑 sec (1)

𝑥→0+

Works Cited

Jänich, Klaus. 1984. Topology. Springer-Verlag.