Literature

Presented by: Group 3

 Objectives

01 HISTORY
OF LITERATURE 04 APPLICATION
OF AESTHETIC THEORIES

02 ELEMENTS
OF LITERATURE 05 ART GENRES
OF LITERATURE

03 PRINCIPLES
OF LITERATURE 06 ART MOVEMENTS
OF LITERATURE
Definition

Literature
• It is a body of writing by a people or by
peoples using the same language orally
or in written form.

• It is an umbrella word which comes

from Latin word “Littera” meaning
“the use of letters” or “writing”
H i s t ory
 Timeline

Mesopotamia Ancient China

Mesoamerica

3200 BC 1250 BC 650 BC

Elements Of Literature

Plot

Setting

Character

Point of View

Theme

Tone
 Elements of Literature
PLOT
• Exposition - Introduces the setting, characters, and
central conflict.
• Conflict - The main problem or issue the story
revolves around.
• Rising Action - The series of events that build
tension and lead to the climax.
• Climax - The highest point of drama and tension in
the story.
• Falling Action - The events that resolve the conflict
and lead to the conclusion.
• Resolution - The closing of the conflict and the
establishment of a new normal.
SETTING
• Space - The physical location where the story unfolds.
• Time - The historical period, present, or future in
which the story takes place.
Beyond these basics, the setting also considers:
• Weather - Sun-drenched beaches or icy wastelands
create distinct atmospheres.
• Cultural context - Social norms and values influence
characters and plot.
• Physical surroundings - Lush forests or bustling cities
shape how characters interact.
 Elements of Literature
CHARACTE
R
• Protagonist - The main hero, usually likable
and driving the plot.
• Antagonist - The villain, creating conflict
with the protagonist.
• Flat Character - One-dimensional, serving a
simple function within the story.
• Round Character - Complex and well-
developed, offering insight into their inner
thoughts and motivations.
POINT OF VIEW
Types of POV:
• First Person - Narrated by a single individual, either the
protagonist ("First-Person Protagonist") or a secondary
character ("First-Person Periphery").
• Second Person - Uncommon and potentially gimmicky, but
used in interactive formats like Choose Your Own
Adventure books.
• Third Person:
1. Limited: Follows the perspective of one character,
excluding access to others' thoughts.
2. Omniscient: All-knowing narrator with access to
everyone's thoughts and actions. Provides full information but
may lack intimacy.
 Elements of Literature
THEME TONE
• The key ideas and messages explored in a story, often
• Not just the theme explored, but how it's presented.
universal and relevant beyond specific cultures. It
Different tones can be applied to the same theme,
goes beyond the surface plot to provide deeper
leading to varied interpretations.
meaning.
Here are some examples of thematic concepts commonly
• Two works may have the same theme, but each may
found in literature:
adopt a different tone in dealing with that theme. For
• Love
example, the tone of a text can be serious, comical,
• Revenge
formal, informal, gloomy, joyful, sarcastic, or
• Justice
sentimental, to name but eight.
• Betrayal
• Jealousy
• Forgiveness
 Principles of Literature

Meaning/
01 Purpose
Tone/
04 Mood
Character/
02 Speaker
Form/
Language/
05 Structure
03 Style
 Principles of Literature

MEANING/ CHARACTER/SPEAKER
PURPOSE
Characters are the individuals or entities
This principle of literature focuses on the
within a literary work.
central ideas, themes, or messages that a
The speaker is the voice or persona telling
literary work conveys.
the story or expressing the ideas within
the work.
 Principles of Literature
LANGUAGE STYLE

Language and style encompass • Rhetorical Strategy - The art • Literary Strategy - The art
the author's choice of words, of persuasion in discourse. of using figurative language
Examples: to enhance the message.
sentence structure, and overall
Logos Examples:
writing techniques, it may be
Pathos Imagery
rhetorical or literary. Metaphor
Ethos
Simile
 Principles of Literature

TONE/MOOD FORM/STRUCTURE
Tone refers to the author's attitude
Form and structure pertain to the
toward the subject matter, characters, or
organization and arrangement of
audience.
elements in a literary work.
Mood is the emotional atmosphere
created by the text and how it makes
the reader feel.
Aesthetic Theories
Aesthetic Theory is a field that studies the aesthetic qualities of
literary works, including form, style, and language, and how
these elements contribute to the overall aesthetic experience.
Literature often explores themes like beauty, creativity, and the
role of art in society. Literary movements like Romanticism
and Symbolism were influenced by aesthetic theories, aiming
to express and evoke aesthetic emotions through their works.
 Romanticism
Symbolism
An artistic and intellectual movement that emerged
A technique used by writers to convey abstract
in the late 18th century and reached its peak in the
concepts, emotions, or themes in a more indirect
19th century. It emphasized individualism,
and evocative way, using objects, characters, or
imagination, emotion, and the beauty of nature.
elements that represent deeper meanings beyond
Romanticism rejected the rationalism and order of
literal interpretation.
the Enlightenment period and instead focused on the
power of the individual's emotions and experiences.
Art Genres
OF LITERATURE
 Prose Fiction
It is a narrative written without a metrical pattern that tells an imaginary or invented story of the
author. This genre also includes various subgenres which are distinct according to its length.
A. Short Story B. Novella C. Novel

The Gift of the Magi Heart of Darkness by Don Quixote

by O. Henry Joseph Conrad by Miguel De Cervantes
Poetry
It is also called verse, is a form of
literature that uses aesthetic and often
rhythmic qualities of language such as
phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and
metre to evoke meanings in addition to, or
in place of, a prosaic ostensible meaning.

Example:
Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare
Drama
This genre involves the portrayal of fictional or non-fictional events through performance, typically on
stage by actors. Dramas often explore human conflicts, emotions, and relationships through dialogue
and action.
A. Tragedy B. Comedy C. Melodrama

"Hamlet" by William "A Midsummer Night's Dream" "The Count of Monte Cristo"
Shakespeare by William Shakespeare by Alexandre Dumas
 Non-fiction
This genre includes works based on real events, facts, and information. Non-fiction works aim to inform,
educate, or persuade the reader.
A. Biography B. Essay

"Self-Reliance" by Ralph
Waldo Emerson

"Steve Jobs" by Walter

Isaacson
Journalism
The genre of writing that involves reporting news, events, and features for
newspapers, magazines, or online platforms.
Fantasy
This genre involves the creation of imaginative and often magical worlds that may include
mythical creatures, supernatural elements, and extraordinary phenomena. Fantasy literature
allows for the exploration of themes beyond the constraints of reality.
A. High Fantasy B. Urban Fantasy C. Fairy Tales

"The Lord of the "The Dresden Files" series by "Cinderella" by Charles

Rings" by J.R.R. Jim Butcher Perrault
Tolkien
 Science Fiction
his genre explores speculative concepts based on scientific principles, often set in the future or on other
planets. Science fiction delves into the impact of technology, space exploration, and scientific
advancements on society.
A. Space Opera B. Cyberpunk C. Hard Science Fiction

"Dune" "Neuromancer" "The Martian"

by Frank Herbert by William Gibson by Andy Weir
 Mystery
This genre involves the solving of a crime or puzzle and often revolves around a detective or
investigator attempting to uncover the truth.
A. Detective Fiction B. Cozy Mystery C. Psychological Thriller

"Sherlock Holmes"
series by Arthur "Murder on the Orient Express" "Gone Girl" by
Conan Doyle by Agatha Christie Gillian Flynn
Art Movements
OF LITERATURE
 1. Renaissance
Refers to European literature which Classicism is a specific genre of
was influenced by the intellectual
and cultural tendencies associated
with the Renaissance.
2. Classicism or 3. Romanticism
Neo-classical
Romanticism in literature
philosophy, expressing itself in
literature, architecture, art, and refers to much more than
hearts and flowers.
music, which has Ancient Greek and
Roman sources and an emphasis on
society.
 4. Realism 5. Naturalism 6. Modernism

Naturalism was a literary movement

Realism is characterized taking place from 1865 to 1900 that A literary movement
by the use of realistic used detailed realism to suggest that that focuses on
characters over a social conditions, heredity, and contemporary
complicated plot. environment had inescapable force in elements.
shaping human character.
 7. Surrealism 8. Existentialism 9. Postmodernism

Psychic automatism in its pure state, a philosophical and literary A literary movement that
by which one proposes to express - perspective that focuses on the eschews absolute meaning and
verbally, by means of the written
experience of an individual person instead emphasized play,
worn, or in any other manner - the
actual functioning of thought. —
and the way that he or she fragmentation, metafiction, and
André Breton understands the world intertextuality.
 10. Black Art 11. Symbolism
Movement

Participants shared many of the Sought to express individual emotional

ideologies of Black self- experience through the subtle and suggestive
determination, political beliefs, and use of highly symbolized language.
American culture
Thank You