OSTRICH

What is Ostrich?

-ostrich is a species of large flightless bird native to Africa.

- They are known for their long legs, distinctive appearance, and their inability to
fly.
- Ostriches are the largest birds in the world and have unique characteristics such as
their large eyes, powerful legs, and impressive speed.
- Ostriches are the only members of the family Struthionidae in the order
Struthioniformes.
History of Ostrich

- The earliest fossils of the genus Struthio are from the early Miocene ~21 million
years ago of Namibia in Africa, so it is proposed that genus is of African origin.
- By the middle to late Miocene (5–13 mya) they had spread to and become
widespread across Eurasia.
- During the 19th century, ostrich feathers gained global popularity as a fashion
accessory. The demand for these feathers, known as "white gold," soared,
particularly in Europe and the United States.
- Today, ostriches are bred and raised in various countries, including South Africa,
Namibia, and the United States, among others.
Importance of Ostrich

- Today, ostriches are farmed and hunted for feathers, skin, meat, eggs, and fat —
which, in Somalia, is believed to cure AIDS and diabetes.

Acheivements & Strength of poultry industry (ostrich)

- Over the last decade, ostrich farming is gaining popularity in Pakistan because of
their tasty nutritional meat, valuable skins as well as feathers, eggs and
multipurpose oil.
Taxonomy of domestic ostrich

- The ostrich is the only living species in the genus Struthio. Ostriches are the only
members of the family Struthionidae in the order Struthioniformes—a group that
also contains kiwis, emus, cassowaries, and rheas.

Types of production

- Ostriches are primarily produced for their meat, feathers, and leather. They are
commonly raised in commercial farms for these purposes. Additionally, ostriches
are also bred for their eggs, which are often used for decorative purposes or for
consumption.
BREED OF POULTRY SPECIES (OSTRICH)

Black Neck Ostrich

The black neck ostrich is a remarkable breed known for its distinctive black feathers
on the neck and legs. It boasts a robust build, reaching heights of up to 9 feet and
weighing over 300 pounds. This breed is primary found in Eastern africa including
countries like Kenya and Tanzania. Their adaptability to various climates and their
resilience makes theme sought-after for meat production, feather harvesting, and
leather production.
Blue Neck Ostrich

The Blue Neck ostrich is another in intriguing breed characterized by it's blue-hued
neck and legs. Native to South Africa, they are known for their calm temperament
and elegant appearance.These ostriches thrive in grassland habitats and have been
successfully bred in various parts of the world. Their feathers are highly valued in
the fashion industry and offer potential for meat production.
Red Neck Ostrich

As the name suggests, the Red Neck ostrich exhibits a striking red coloring on its
neck. This breed known for their breeding capabilities, they have a higher fertility
rate compared to other breeds. The Red Neck ostrich is renowned for its commercial
value, particularly for meat and feather production.
Somali Ostrich

The Somali ostrich is a remarkable breed found in the arid regions of East Africa,
including Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya. It features unique adaptations that enable it
to survive in harsh environments. With its ability to withstand extreme temperatures
and traverse vast distances, this breed holds ecological significance.
Masai Ostrich

The Masai ostrich, indigenous to East Africa, is recognized for its distinct
coloration and regional variation.Masai ostrich farming can be a valuable enterprise
with proper management, offering meat, feather, and leather production
opportunities.
Arabian Ostrich

The Arabian ostrich once found across the Arabian Peninsula, is now critically
endangered. It carries immense historical significance and is a subject of
conservation efforts. Research and preservation initiatives aim to protect the
remaining population and ensure the survival of this unique ostrich breed.
Zimbabwean Ostrich

The Zimbabwean ostrich, native to Zimbabwe, exhibits specific characteristics that

differentiate it from other breeds. Zimbabwean ostrich farming has gained attention
for its economic potential and contribution to the tourism industry. Efforts to
conserve and this breed have had a positive outcomes, creating opportunities for
meat, feather, and leather production.
South African Black Ostrich

The South African Black ostrich is a breed recognized for its ebony-colored
feathers. South African breeding programs have played a crucial role in developing
this breed, resulting in improved genetics and desirable traits. Feather production is
a notable aspect of South African Black ostrich farming, meeting the demand for
high quality feathers in various industries.
OSTRICH PROCEDURE STRUCTURE

Male ostrich reproductive system

- is an intricate and fascinating aspect of their biology. Like other birds, male
ostriches have a pair of paired testes that produce sperm.

Testes: Male ostriches have two testes, which are responsible for producing sperm.
These testes are located inside the body, near the kidneys.

Sperm production: The testes continuously produce sperm cells throughout the
breeding season. Sperm cells are then transported to the storage organs known as
the seminal glomera.

Seminal glomera: The seminal glomera are storage organs where the sperm cells
are temporarily stored before ejaculation. These structures help ensure a constant
supply of sperm during copulation.
Copulatory organ: The male ostrich possesses a unique copulatory organ called the
phallus or intromittent organ. It is a large and erectile structure that remains non-
erect except during mating. The phallus emerges from a slit on the ventral side of
the bird's body, located just in front of the cloaca.

Sperm transfer: During copulation, the male ostrich's phallus extends and
penetrates the female's cloaca, transferring sperm from the seminal glomera into the
female reproductive tract. Ostriches typically have a brief copulatory duration.

Cloaca: The cloaca, present in both male and female ostriches, is a single opening
for waste excretion, urination, and reproductive activities. In males, it connects to
the reproductive organs, including the testes and seminal glomera.

Male fertility: The quality and quantity of sperm production in male ostriches are
influenced by various factors such as age, nutrition, and overall health. Factors like
stress, diseases, and low-quality diet can negatively impact male fertility.
Female ostrich reproductive system
- is complex and specially adapted for their unique reproductive behaviors.

Ovaries: Female ostriches typically have two functional ovaries, located in their
abdominal cavity. Ovaries are responsible for producing the ova (eggs) and the
female sex hormones.

Oviduct: The oviduct, commonly referred to as the "egg tube," is a long, coiled tube
that serves as a passageway for the eggs to travel from the ovaries to the outside of
the body. The oviduct consists of several specialized regions:

- Infundibulum: This is the first part of the oviduct, where the eggs are released
from the ovary. The infundibulum funnels the eggs and captures them during
ovulation.
- Magnum: The magnum is the longest section of the oviduct and is responsible
for the formation of the egg white (albumen). The albumen provides nutrients and
protection to the developing embryo.
 - Isthmus: The isthmus is the region where the inner and outer shell membranes are
formed around the developing egg.
-Uterus: The uterus is a short section of the oviduct where the shell is deposited
around the egg. It also provides the ideal conditions for fertilization and egg
development.
- Vagina: The vagina is the lower part of the oviduct and acts as a passage for the
egg to be laid outside the body.

Egg structure
Size and Shape: Ostrich eggs are the largest eggs produced by any living bird
species. On average, they are about 6 inches (15 cm) in length and weigh around 3
pounds (1.4 kilograms).

Shell: The shell of an ostrich egg is relatively thick and hard, providing protection
for the developing embryo inside. Its surface is smooth but also porous, allowing for
gas exchange during incubation.
The shell of an ostrich egg consists of three main layers:

Outer Layer: The outermost layer is the hard and protective shell that we see. It is
composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which gives it strength.

Middle Layer: Underneath the outer layer is a spongy and fibrous middle layer,
providing cushioning and additional protection.

Inner Layer: The innermost layer is a thin, transparent membrane that adheres to
the shell. This membrane holds the contents of the egg together.

Egg Contents: Inside an ostrich egg, you will find the yolk, which is the primary
source of nutrients for the developing embryo. The yolk is surrounded by albumen,
commonly known as egg white. The albumen is rich in proteins and acts as a
cushioning layer that helps protect the embryo.
BREEDING PRACTICES OF OSTRICH

Courtship: The dominant male initiates courtship displays to attract females. This
includes elaborate dances, where the male flutters his wings, swings his head, and
produces low-frequency booming sounds to impress the females.

Nesting: Ostriches build communal nests, where multiple females lay their eggs
together. These nests are shallow depressions in the ground, lined with soil, leaves,
and twigs. The dominant male and other subordinate males take turns incubating the
eggs.

Incubation: The males incubate the eggs during the day, and the females take over
at night. This division of labor helps ensure the eggs' safety and proper incubation.

Parental Care: Once the chicks hatch, both the male and female ostriches actively
participate in their care. They protect their chicks from predators, teach them how to
forage for food, and provide warmth and shelter.
Breeding in Captivity: In captivity, ostrich breeding practices can be controlled
and managed to ensure successful reproduction. Ostrich farmers use various
techniques, such as artificial insemination and selective breeding, to optimize
breeding outcomes and genetic diversity.

Polygyny: In the wild, ostriches typically follow a polygynous mating system. This
means that one male, known as the dominant male or "cock," mates with multiple
females, known as "hens." The dominant male establishes a harem of hens and
defends them from other males.

Promiscuity: Occasionally, ostriches engage in promiscuous behavior, where both

males and females may mate with multiple partners during the breeding season.
HOUSING
These birds are normally housed in an outdoor paddock with a secure shelter in
which birds may be temporarily housed, for management purposes or in severe
weather.When it comes to the spacing and dimensions of housing for ostriches, it's
essential to provide enough room for them to move comfortably.

Total area: A minimum of one acre (around 0.4 hectares) is recommended for each
pair of ostriches to ensure they have enough space to roam and exercise.

Fencing: The fencing for ostrich enclosures should be at least 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4
meters) tall to prevent them from jumping over. Additionally, the fence should have
a solid bottom or be buried underground to prevent ostriches from digging out.

Shelter: Ostrich houses or shelters should have a height of at least 10 to 12 feet (3

to 3.6 meters) to accommodate their impressive height. The shelter should be well-
ventilated but also provide protection from extreme weather conditions such as
excessive heat, cold, or rain.
Nesting areas: Ostriches require nesting areas that are spacious enough for them to
lay their eggs comfortably. A nest box with dimensions around 4 feet (1.2 meters)
square and 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 meters) deep is suitable for each nesting pair.

Feeding areas: It's important to have designated feeding areas within the enclosure.
These areas should be large enough to accommodate multiple ostriches, allowing
for easy access to feed and water troughs.

When it comes to roofing options for ostrich housing, there are a few key factors to
consider: durability, weather resistance, and ease of maintenance.

Metal Roofing: Metal roofs, such as corrugated steel or aluminum, are popular
choices due to their durability and weather resistance. They provide excellent
protection against rain, snow, and UV rays. Metal roofs are also relatively low
maintenance and can last for many years.
Polycarbonate Roofing: Polycarbonate roofing is a transparent or translucent
plastic material that allows natural light to enter the enclosure. This type of roofing
is lightweight, easy to install, and provides good UV protection. However, it may
not be as durable as metal roofing and may require occasional cleaning.

Thatched Roofing: Thatched roofs, made from dried grass or reeds, can provide a
more natural and aesthetically pleasing look to the ostrich housing. Thatched roofs
offer good insulation and ventilation, but they require regular maintenance to
prevent decay and moisture build-up.

Concrete Roofing: Concrete roofs are highly durable and can withstand extreme
weather conditions. They provide excellent insulation and are long-lasting.
However, concrete roofs may be more expensive to install and require professional
expertise.
Ventilation
- proper ventilation is crucial for the health and well-being of ostriches in their
housing.

Airflow: Good ventilation requires a continuous flow of fresh air throughout the
housing. This can be achieved by strategically placing windows, vents, or fans to
promote air circulation. Proper airflow helps remove excess heat, odors, and
moisture.

Ventilation Openings: Install adjustable ventilation openings, such as windows or

vents, at different heights to allow for both fresh air intake and heat escape.

Size and Location: The size and positioning of ventilation openings should be
appropriate for the size of the housing and the number of ostriches.
Protection from Elements: While ensuring sufficient airflow, it's also important to
protect the ostriches from extreme weather conditions.

Dust and Odor Control: Regular cleaning of the housing and proper waste
management are important to minimize dust and odors, which can affect the air
quality.

Location and security

- are important aspects to consider when it comes to housing ostriches.
Location: Choose a location that is suitable for housing ostriches.

Fencing: Ostriches can be quite strong and curious animals, so it's important to have
secure fencing around their housing area.

Perimeter Security: Consider installing a perimeter security system, such as

surveillance cameras or motion sensor lights, to deter unauthorized access or
potential threats.
Shelter: Provide a secure and sturdy shelter for the ostriches to protect them from
adverse weather conditions, extreme temperatures, and predators.

Control Access: Limit access to the ostrich housing area to authorized personnel
only.

Topography
When considering the topography of housing for ostriches, there are a few key
points to keep in mind:
Flat or Slightly Sloped Ground: This allows them to move around comfortably
and reduces the risk of injury. Avoid areas with steep slopes or uneven terrain to
prevent accidents and potential health issues.

Well-Drained Soil: Ostriches should be housed in areas with well-drained soil to

avoid water-logging and excessive mud.
Avoid Flood-Prone Areas: Flooding can not only pose a danger to the birds but
also lead to unsanitary conditions and potential health risks.

Adequate Shelter: The topography should allow for the construction of suitable
shelter for the ostriches. This can include sturdy buildings or structures that provide
protection from adverse weather conditions, such as wind, rain, and excessive sun
exposure.

Temperature & humidity

-When it comes to the temperature and humidity of housing for ostriches, it's
important to provide conditions that are suitable for their well-being. Here are a few
considerations:

Temperature: Ostriches are well-adapted to handle a wide range of temperatures,

but they prefer a moderate climate. The ideal temperature for ostrich housing is
around 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). However, they can tolerate higher or lower
temperatures if necessary.
Humidity: Aim for a humidity range of around 40% to 60% in their housing. High
humidity can create a breeding ground for bacteria and other pathogens, leading to
potential health issues. Adequate ventilation plays a significant role in maintaining
optimal humidity levels.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
- The management practices of ostriches, specifically focusing on incubation
methods in both artificial and natural settings.
Artificial Incubation: In this method, ostrich eggs are incubated in specially
designed incubators that mimic the conditions required for successful hatching.
Here's what you need to know:

Temperature and Humidity: Maintain a temperature of around 97.5°F (36.4°C)

and a humidity level of approximately 25-40%.

Egg Rotation: Ostrich eggs should be rotated several times a day to prevent the
embryo from sticking to the shell.
Egg Candling: Candling involves shining a light through the egg to observe the
development of the embryo.

Incubation Period: Ostrich eggs typically hatch after approximately 42-46 days of
incubation.

Natural Incubation: Ostriches also exhibit natural incubation behaviors. Here's

how you can facilitate this process:

Nesting Area: Provide spacious nesting areas with suitable materials such as sand
or straw. Ostriches create nest hollows where they lay their eggs.

Female Incubation: Female ostriches are primarily responsible for incubating the
eggs. They use their bodies to regulate temperature and humidity, periodically
turning the eggs manually by rolling them.
Male Assistance: The male ostrich can also help with incubation by taking over
when the female needs to feed or get some rest. This cooperative behavior ensures
continuous incubation.

Monitoring: Keep a close eye on the nesting area to ensure predators or

disturbances do not disrupt the natural incubation process.

The management practices of brooding ostriches, both in artificial and natural

environments.
Artificial Brooding: In artificial brooding, ostrich chicks are raised in controlled
environments such as brooder houses or specially designed brooding enclosures.
Here are some key practices to consider:

Temperature Control: Maintain a warm and stable temperature for the chicks,
starting around 95°F (35°C) and gradually reducing it by 5°F (2-3°C) per week. Use
heat lamps or infrared heaters to provide consistent warmth.
Adequate Lighting: Ensure sufficient lighting in the brooding area, preferably with
a 24-hour light source during the first few weeks. Later, gradually reduce the
lighting duration to emulate natural day and night cycles.

Bedding Material: Use appropriate bedding material such as wood shavings, straw,
or sand to create a comfortable and clean environment for the chicks.

Feed and Water: Provide a balanced and specially formulated ostrich chick feed,
ensuring it is easily accessible to the chicks. Clean and fresh water must be
available at all times.

Natural Brooding: Ostriches also exhibit natural brooding behaviors. Here are
some practices to facilitate natural brooding:
Nesting Area: Offer spacious nesting areas with suitable materials like sand, straw,
or leaves, allowing the female ostrich to create a nest hollow.

Incubation Period: Female ostriches incubate the eggs for around 42-46 days.
During this period, they actively brood and protect the chicks after hatching.
Parental Care: Ostrich chicks stay close to their parents, especially the female, who
provides warmth, protection, and guidance. The parents will lead the chicks to find
food and water.

Predation Protection: Ensure the nesting and brooding areas are secure from
predators, as ostrich chicks are vulnerable during this time.

Ostriches have specific lighting needs and following a suitable lighting schedule is
essential for their well-being. Here's a breakdown of lighting practices and a
suggested lighting schedule for ostriches:
Lighting Intensity: Ostriches prefer moderate lighting levels, so it's important to
avoid extremely bright or dim lighting. Aim for a balanced and comfortable lighting
intensity that allows them to see clearly.

Natural Lighting: Ostriches thrive when exposed to natural sunlight. If possible,

provide access to natural light by ensuring their housing has windows or openings
that allow sunlight to enter. Natural light provides the full spectrum of wavelengths
that support their growth and overall health.
Artificial Lighting: In situations where natural light is limited, you can supplement
with artificial lighting. Use full-spectrum lighting bulbs that emit a broad range of
wavelengths, closely resembling natural sunlight.

Lighting Schedule: Ostriches require a consistent lighting schedule that mimics the
natural day and night cycles they experience in their natural habitats. Here's a
suggested lighting schedule:
- Morning: Start with a gradual increase in light intensity to simulate sunrise. This
helps them wake up gradually and encourages natural behavior.

- Daytime: Provide around 12-16 hours of continuous light during the day. This
period should include both natural and artificial light sources.

- Evening: Begin gradually decreasing the light intensity to simulate sunset. This
signals to the ostriches that it's time to wind down and prepare for rest.

- Nighttime: Allow for a period of darkness, usually around 8-12 hours, to

provide ample time for rest and sleep.
Debeaking of ostrich
- also known as beak trimming, refers to the practice of trimming or cutting the beak
of an ostrich.
- This procedure is typically conducted when the ostriches are juveniles, usually
around 6-8 weeks old.
- The purpose of debeaking ostriches is to minimize or prevent injuries from
pecking, aggression, or cannibalism among the birds. It is done by using a hot blade
or cautery to trim the tip of the beak.

How to debeak?
- Debeaking or trimming the beak of an ostrich is a delicate process that should be
performed by professionals or experienced ostrich handlers.
Here are the general steps involved in debeaking an ostrich:
1. Safety Measures: Ensure you have the necessary equipment and safety gear,
including gloves, goggles, and a restraining device for the ostrich.
2. Restraining the Ostrich: Secure the ostrich in a safe and confined area or use a
restraining device designed for large birds. This will prevent any sudden movements
and keep the bird as calm as possible during the procedure.
3. Consult with a Professional: If you are not an experienced ostrich handler or
veterinarian, it is highly recommended to seek professional advice or assistance.

4. Trimming the Beak: Using specialized tools such as beak trimmers or a rasp,
carefully trim the excess growth of the beak. It is important to be cautious and not
cut too much, as this can cause pain, bleeding, and interfere with the ostrich's
natural feeding and drinking abilities.

5. Apply Antiseptic: Once the trimming is completed, clean the beak with an
antiseptic solution to prevent infections.

6. Monitor the Ostrich: After the procedure, closely observe the ostrich for any
signs of bleeding, discomfort, or difficulty in eating or drinking.

Sexing
- Sexing of ostrich refers to the identification of the sex of an ostrich.
Vent sexing
- is a method used to determine the sex of ostriches by examining their genitalia.
- This method requires skill and experience to accurately differentiate between male
and female ostriches. It is commonly used in commercial ostrich farming to
determine the sex of young birds for breeding and management purposes.
- Performing vent sexing on ostriches is a task typically done by experienced
professionals such as veterinarians or trained individuals.
Here is a general guide on how vent sexing is done in ostriches:
1. Restrain the ostrich: Secure the ostrich in a proper restraint system to prevent
injury to both the bird and the person performing the procedure. This is typically
done by using specially designed equipment that holds the bird's body and neck in
place.
2. Locate the vent: The vent is the opening through which both feces and
reproductive organs are expelled. It is located on the underside of the ostrich,
towards the back.
3. Clean the vent area: Use a gentle disinfectant to clean the area around the vent
and remove any debris.
4. Separate the feathers: Gently part the feathers around the vent to expose the
opening.
5. Observe the genitalia: In male ostriches, the opening of the vent will have an
elongated bump-like structure called a phallus, often pinkish in color. In females,
the vent opening will appear more rounded.

- The vent sexing of ostriches is usually done when they are around 4 to 6 months
old. At this age, the genitalia of male and female ostriches start to develop distinct
characteristics that make it easier to determine their sex by examining their vents.

Feather sexing
- also known as feather sex identification, is a method used to determine the gender
of ostriches through the analysis of specific feathers.
- This method is usually employed when the chicks are around 6-8 weeks old.
- In male ostriches, the primary wing feathers, called flight feathers, have a
uniform, broad, and flat shape.
- Female ostriches have thinner, narrower, and more pointed flight feathers that
grow in a slightly curved pattern.

If still want to attempt feather sexing, here is a general guide on how to do it:
1. Age restriction: Feather sexing can be done between the ages of 4 to 12 weeks,
as this is the period when sexual dimorphism starts to develop.
2. Collect sample feathers: Gently pluck a few primary wing feathers from the
juvenile ostrich's wings. Primary feathers are the larger feathers located at the end of
the wing.
3. Examine the feathers: Look closely at the base of each feather's shaft,
specifically where it emerges from the skin.
4. Color difference: Generally, male ostrich feathers will have a darker base color
compared to female feathers.
5. Pattern difference: Additionally, you may notice a difference in the pattern of
the feather shaft. Female ostrich feathers may have more defined striping or barring,
while male feathers may appear more solid in color.
6. Confirm results: Compare your findings with known gender specimens or
consult a knowledgeable avian expert for confirmation.

Medication Guide for Ostrich Chicks to Finisher Stage:

1. Vaccinations:
- Ostrich chicks should be vaccinated against common avian diseases such as
Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious bronchitis.
2. Deworming:
- Ostrich chicks should be dewormed to control internal parasites.
3. Coccidia Prevention:
- Coccidiosis is a common protozoan infection in young ostriches. To prevent
coccidiosis, use coccidiostats or anticoccidial medications in the feed or water as
per the recommended dosage.
4. Growth Promoters:
- Depending on the desired growth rate, some ostrich farmers may consider using
growth promoters to enhance weight gain. These can include specific supplements
or medications prescribed by a veterinarian
5. Antibiotics:
- Antibiotics should only be used under the guidance of a veterinarian and when
necessary, such as in case of bacterial infections.
6. Supplements:
- Ostrich chicks and growing birds may require supplements to meet their
nutritional needs.
7. Water Medication:
- To maintain good health, it is common to add water-soluble vitamins, minerals,
and probiotics to drinking water. These provide additional nutrients and promote a
healthy gut flora.
8. Monitoring:
- Regularly monitor the health and behavior of the ostriches, especially after
administering medication. Look out for any adverse reactions or signs of illness.
FEEDS AND FEEDING
- Feeding ostriches properly is essential for their growth, development, and overall
health.
Chick
- The protein, energy, and fats requirement of chicks of ostrich (Struthio camelus)
vary according to their age and growth stage. Here is a general guideline for their
nutritional requirements:
Protein Requirement:
- During the first two weeks: Chicks require a high-protein diet, usually around 24-
26% protein, to support rapid growth and development.
- From two to six weeks: Protein requirement can be reduced to around 20-22% as
growth slows down.
- After six weeks: Protein requirement can be further reduced to around 16-18% as
the chicks reach a more mature stage.
Energy Requirement:
- Chicks of ostrich require a high-energy diet to support their rapid growth and
metabolism.
- It is recommended to provide a diet with an energy content of around 2,800-3,000
kilocalories per kilogram (kcal/kg) during the first weeks.
- As the chicks grow older, the energy content can be adjusted to around 2,600-
2,800 kcal/kg.

Fat Requirement:
- Young chicks of ostrich need a certain amount of dietary fat for energy and
development.
- The fat content in their diet should be maintained at around 4-6% during the first
few weeks.
- As the chicks grow older, the fat content can be reduced to around 3-4%, as
excessive fat intake can lead to health problems.
Ingredients used in diets
- The diet of ostrich chicks typically consists of a variety of ingredients to ensure
their proper growth and development.
Some of the common ingredients used in their diets include:

Starter feed: This is a specially formulated feed specifically designed for the
nutritional needs of young chicks. It usually contains a balanced blend of proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals to support their growth.

Ground grains: Chicks are often fed a mixture of ground grains such as corn,
wheat, barley, and oats. These grains provide energy, carbohydrates, and fiber.

Protein sources: Chicks require high-quality protein for muscle development.

Legume meals: Legumes such as alfalfa, clover, and peas can be included in the
diet to provide additional protein, fiber, and essential vitamins and minerals.
Green forage: It provides additional nutrients, vitamins, and minerals.

Vitamin and mineral supplements: These supplements help meet their specific
nutritional requirements.

Amounts of Feed given

The amount of feed given to chicks of ostriches depends on their age and growth
stage. Here is a rough guideline for feeding ostrich chicks:
First week: Ostrich chicks should be given a commercial 24% protein chick starter
feed. Feed them ad libitum (allowing them to eat as much as they want).
Second week: Continue feeding them the chick starter feed, but gradually decrease
the protein content to around 20-22%.
Third week onwards: Transition the chicks to a grower feed formulated for
ostriches with around 18-20% protein content. Continue feeding them ad libitum.
Around 8-12 weeks: Start decreasing the protein content in their feed gradually.
Aim for around 16-18% protein content.
Around 15-20 weeks: Transition the chicks to a finisher feed with protein content
of around 14-15%.
6. After 20 weeks: Transition them to an adult maintenance feed suitable for mature
ostriches.

Type of Feeder
- The feeder for young ostrich chicks is typically referred to as a chick feeder or a
chick trough.
- These feeders often have smaller holes or slits to prevent the chicks from stepping
inside and potentially getting stuck.
- The chick feeder is usually made of a durable material such as plastic or metal.

Vitamins and etc.

The chicks of ostriches require a balanced diet in order to grow and develop
properly. Here are some important vitamins and nutrients they need:
Protein: Chicks require a good source of protein for their growth and development.
Calcium: Calcium is crucial for bone formation and overall skeletal health in
growing chicks.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and utilization.
Vitamin E: Vitamin E is an antioxidant that supports the immune function and
overall growth of chicks.
Vitamin B complex: B vitamins play a vital role in energy metabolism, nerve
function, and overall growth.
Iron: Iron is important for the production of healthy blood cells and oxygen
transport.
Water: While not a vitamin or nutrient, water is essential for the overall health and
well-being of chicks.

Starter
- The protein, energy, and fats requirements of ostrich starter vary depending on the
age and weight of the birds.
Below are some general guidelines:
Protein Requirement: In the starter phase (up to 12 weeks of age), a protein
content of around 22-24% is recommended. This high protein content ensures
proper muscle and tissue development.
Energy Requirement: Ostrich starter diet should provide adequate energy to meet
their growth requirements. The energy content should be around 2700-2800
kilocalories per kilogram of feed. This energy is necessary for their daily activities,
heat production, and weight gain.

Fats Requirement: Young ostriches require a moderate amount of fat in their diet.
A fat content of approximately 4-6% is recommended in the starter feed.

Ingredients used in diets

The diet of an ostrich starter typically consists of a mixture of various ingredients to
provide balanced nutrition for healthy growth.
Here are some common ingredients used:
Starter Feed: This feed typically contains a balanced mix of proteins,
carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals to support proper growth.
High-Protein Sources: Soybean meal, fish meal, poultry by-product meal, or
alfalfa meal may be included.
Grains: Grains like corn, wheat, barley, and oats are often added to the diet as a
source of energy and high-quality carbohydrates.
Supplements: Ostrich starters may require additional supplements like calcium,
phosphorus, and vitamin D to ensure strong bone development.
Greens and Forage: These greens are a source of fiber and also add variety to the
diet.
Water: Clean and fresh water is crucial for overall health and digestion. It is
important to provide an adequate supply of water at all times.

Amounts of feed given

The amount of starter feed given to ostrich chicks can vary depending on their age
and growth rate. Generally, ostrich chicks are fed a commercial starter feed
specifically formulated for their nutritional needs.
The recommended feeding guidelines for ostrich chicks are as follows:
- Day 1-2: Feed the chicks small amounts (approximately 5-10 grams) of starter
feed a few times a day.
- Day 3-7: Increase the amount of starter feed to approximately 15-20 grams per
chick per day. Feed 2-3 times a day.
- Week 2-3: Increase the amount of starter feed to approximately 30-40 grams per
chick per day. Feed 2-3 times a day.
- Week 4-6: Increase the amount of starter feed to approximately 70-100 grams per
chick per day. Feed 2-3 times a day.
- Week 7-12: Continue increasing the amount of starter feed as per the chick's
appetite and growth rate, aiming for approximately 100-200 grams per chick per
day. Feed 2-3 times a day.

Type of feeder
- The type of feeder used for ostrich starters is typically a chick feeder or a
specialized ostrich feeder.
- These feeders are designed to accommodate the size and feeding habits of young
ostriches, providing easy access to the feed while preventing waste.
Vitamin and etc.
Ostrich meat is a lean source of protein and is also rich in various vitamins and
minerals.
Here are some important nutrients found in ostrich meat:
Protein: Ostrich meat is a great source of high-quality protein, which is essential for
building and repairing tissues, supporting immune function, and producing enzymes
and hormones.
Iron: Ostrich meat is an excellent source of iron, which is important for the
formation of red blood cells and oxygen transportation throughout the body. Iron is
also necessary for maintaining energy levels and preventing iron deficiency anemia.
Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal products and is important
for vegans and vegetarians to consider when choosing their dietary sources.
Zinc: Ostrich meat is a good source of zinc, an essential mineral involved in various
functions within the body, such as immunity, wound healing, and cell division.
Phosphorus: An important mineral that is involved in the formation and
maintenance of healthy bones and teeth. It also plays a vital role in energy
production, kidney function, and maintaining the pH balance of the body.
Selenium: An antioxidant mineral that helps protect cells from damage caused by
free radicals. Selenium also plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone metabolism,
immune function, and reproduction.

Grower
The protein, energy, and fats requirement of a grower ostrich can vary depending on
factors such as age, weight, and activity level.
Here are some general guidelines:
Protein Requirement: Ostriches require a high-protein diet, especially during the
growing phase. The protein requirement for a grower ostrich is typically around 16-
18% of their total dietary intake.

Energy Requirement: The energy requirement of a grower ostrich is typically

around 2,500-3,000 kilocalories per day.
Fats Requirement: The fat requirement for a grower ostrich is generally around 5-
8% of their total dietary intake.

Ingredients used in diets

The diets of ostrich growers typically consist of a balanced mix of plant-based
ingredients and specialized ostrich feed. The specific ingredients used may vary
depending on the country, availability of resources, and the specific diet plan being
followed.
Here are some commonly used ingredients:
Forage Crops: Ostriches are grazers and consume various forage crops.
Grain Mixes: These grains provide energy and essential nutrients in the form of
carbohydrates.
Protein Sources: Ostriches require protein to support growth and development.
Supplements: Ostriches may need additional vitamins, minerals, and other
supplements to meet their nutritional requirements effectively.
Fat and Oil Sources: Healthy fats are required for ostriches to maintain good body
condition and for essential metabolic functions.
Pelletized Feed: These feed pellets may contain a mix of grains, proteins, vitamins,
minerals, and other additives.
Adequate Water: Providing clean and fresh water is crucial for ostriches' overall
health and digestion.

Amounts of feed given

- as a general guideline, ostriches in the grower stage typically require
approximately 1.5 to 2.5 pounds (0.7 to 1.1 kilograms) of feed per day.

Type of feeder
The feeder for a grower of ostriches is typically referred to as an "ostrich grower
diet" or "ostrich grower feed". This type of feed is specifically formulated to meet
the nutritional requirements of growing ostriches and promote healthy growth and
development.
Vitamin and etc.
Ostriches, like other animals, require a well-balanced diet to ensure proper growth
and development.
Here are some key vitamins and nutrients that are important for the health of
ostriches:
Proteins: Proteins are essential for growth, tissue repair, and feather development in
ostriches.
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates provide energy for ostriches.
Fat: Fat is a concentrated source of energy for ostriches.
Minerals: Ostriches require various minerals for bone development, muscle
function, and overall health.
Vitamins: Ostriches also require certain vitamins to support their growth and
overall health. Some essential vitamins include:
- Vitamin A: Important for good vision, immune function, and growth.
- Vitamin D: Essential for proper bone development and calcium absorption.
- Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant and supports immune function.
- Vitamin K: Important for blood clotting.
- B-vitamins (such as B12, niacin, riboflavin): Support energy metabolism and overall health.
Finisher
The protein, energy, and fats requirement of a finisher ostrich may vary depending
on the specific goals and preferences of the farmer or producer. However, generally
speaking, ostrich finishers require high levels of protein, energy, and fats to support
growth, muscle development, and overall health.

Protein: Ostrich finishers require a diet that consists of around 17-20% protein.

Energy: Ostrich finishers require a diet that is energy-dense to support their growth
and maintenance requirements.

Fats: Including a moderate amount of fats in the ostrich finisher's diet is beneficial
for providing additional energy, improving feed efficiency, and enhancing the
absorption of fat-soluble nutrients.
Ingredients used in diets
The diet of ostrich finishers typically consists of a balanced mix of various
ingredients to ensure their growth, development, and overall health.
Some commonly used ingredients in ostrich finisher diets include:
Protein sources: Ostriches require a high amount of protein for muscle
development. Energy sources: Ostriches also need ample energy to support their
daily activities and growth.
Fiber sources: To promote healthy digestion and prevent digestive issues, ostrich
finishers require dietary fiber.
Vitamin and mineral supplements: Ostriches need a broad range of vitamins and
minerals for optimal health.
Calcium and phosphorus sources: Adequate levels of calcium and phosphorus are
crucial for bone development.
Fats and oils: Small amounts of fats and oils are included in the diet to provide
essential fatty acids and aid in nutrient absorption.
Feed additives: Ostrich finisher diets may also contain various additives such as
probiotics, prebiotics, and enzymes to improve digestion, gut health, and feed
efficiency.
Amounts of feed given
The amount of feed given to ostriches during the finishing stage can vary depending
on several factors such as the age, weight, and condition of the birds, as well as the
specific nutritional requirements and feed formulations used.
- During the finishing stage, which typically begins around 12-14 months of age,
ostriches are usually fed a balanced diet that promotes growth and development.
- As a rough estimate, ostriches in the finishing stage may consume around 2% to
3% of their body weight in feed per day.

Type of feeder
There are several types of feeders that can be used for ostriches during the finishing
stage.
Here are a few options:
Trough Feeders: Trough feeders are commonly used for feeding ostriches. They are
long, narrow containers made of durable material such as metal or plastic. Trough
feeders allow multiple birds to feed at the same time and can hold a significant
amount of feed.
Gravity or Automatic Feeders: Gravity feeders work by allowing feed to flow
down into a tray as the birds consume it. These types of feeders can be useful in
reducing feed wastage and ensuring a consistent supply of feed for the ostriches.
Ground Feeding: Some ostrich farms practice ground feeding, where the feed is
scattered directly on the ground. This method encourages natural feeding behavior,
as ostriches in the wild forage for food on the ground.

Vitamins and etc.

During the finishing stage, ostriches require a balanced diet that includes essential
vitamins and minerals.
Here are some important nutrients to consider for the finisher feed of ostriches:
Protein: Ostriches need high-quality protein sources in their diet for muscle growth
and maintenance. The finisher feed should contain around 16-18% protein.
Energy: Ostriches require sufficient energy in their diet for growth and
maintenance.
Vitamins: Ostriches need various vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and B-
complex vitamins. These vitamins play crucial roles in overall health, immunity,
Minerals: Appropriate levels of minerals help in bone development, nervous system
function, and other vital processes.
Amino Acids: Ostriches require specific essential amino acids like lysine and
methionine for proper growth and development. And can be supplemented in the
finisher feed to ensure adequate levels.

BIOSECURITY AND SANITATION PROGRAM

- The biosecurity and sanitation program for ostriches involves implementing
measures to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases, as well as maintaining
a clean and hygienic environment for the birds.
Here are some key components of such a program:
Separation of age groups: Ostriches of different ages should be kept separate to
reduce disease transmission. This can be achieved by having separate enclosures or
facilities for hatchlings, juveniles, and adult ostriches.
Quarantine protocols: New ostriches brought into the farm should undergo a
quarantine period to ensure they are disease-free before being introduced to the rest
of the flock. During this time, they should be kept in isolation and regularly
monitored for any signs of illness.
Animal health monitoring: Regular health checks and veterinary inspections
should be conducted to identify and address any potential health issues. This can
include checking for signs of disease, implementing vaccination programs, and
conducting laboratory tests as necessary.
Controlled access: Limited access should be permitted to the ostrich facility to
minimize the risks of disease introduction. Visitors and staff should be required to
follow biosecurity protocols, such as wearing protective clothing, disinfecting
footwear, and practicing good hygiene.
Waste management: Proper waste management is crucial to prevent the spread of
diseases. Adequate drainage and sanitation systems should be in place to prevent the
accumulation of waste.
Cleaning and disinfection: Regular cleaning and disinfection of the ostrich
enclosures and equipment is essential to eliminate any potential disease-causing
agents. This includes cleaning and disinfecting water troughs, feeders, and other
shared equipment.
Pest control: Effective pest control measures should be implemented to minimize
the presence of insects, rodents, and other pests that can introduce or spread
diseases among ostriches.
Biosecurity training: All staff members involved in the management of ostriches
should receive appropriate training on biosecurity measures, disease prevention, and
proper sanitation practices. This helps ensure that everyone understands their role in
maintaining a healthy ostrich population.

DISEASES, PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Types of diseases
There are several diseases that can affect ostriches, and they can be caused by
various agents such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and nutritional deficiencies.
Here are some common diseases of ostriches along with their causal agents, effects,
and prevention measures:
Avian influenza:
- Causal agent: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (usually subtype H5N1
or H5N8).
- Effects: Respiratory distress, reduced egg production, and high mortality rates.
- Prevention: Vaccination, strict biosecurity measures, avoiding contact with wild
birds, and regular surveillance.
Ostrich coccidiosis:
- Causal agent: Eimeria spp., a parasitic protozoa.
- Effects: Diarrhea, weight loss, decreased feed intake, poor growth, anemia, and
high mortality rates in severe cases.
- Prevention: Proper sanitation and hygiene, regular cleaning of water sources,
controlled exposure of young ostriches to low-level oocyst doses for immune
development, and using anticoccidial medications when necessary.

Ostrich mycoplasmosis:
- Causal agent: Mycoplasma spp., a group of bacteria.
- Effects: Respiratory problems, reduced growth, poor feed conversion, and
decreased egg production.
- Prevention: Strict biosecurity measures, regular veterinary monitoring,
quarantine and testing of new birds, maintaining proper ventilation, and providing a
clean environment.
Newcastle disease:
- Causal agent: Avian paramyxovirus 1.
- Effects: Respiratory distress, nervous system disorders, reduced egg production, and
high mortality rates.
- Prevention: Vaccination, strict biosecurity measures, and avoiding contact with
infected birds.
Ostrich roundworm infection:
- Causal agent: Ascaridia spp., a parasitic worm.
- Effects: Weight loss, reduced feed conversion, digestive disorders, and increased
susceptibility to other diseases.
- Prevention: Regular deworming, proper sanitation and hygiene, and avoiding
overcrowding.
Nutritional deficiencies:
- Causal agent: Lack of essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, or proteins.
- Effects: Poor growth, weakened immune system, decreased egg production, and
various metabolic disorders.
- Prevention: Providing a balanced and nutrient-rich diet, consulting a veterinarian for
dietary guidance, and ensuring clean and fresh water availability.
List of Non-infections disease
Ostrich Egg Peritonitis:
Causal Agent: Bacterial contamination of the egg during laying or incubation.
Possible Effects/Signs and Symptoms: Swollen abdomen, decreased appetite,
lethargy, difficulty breathing, and eventually death.
Prevention: Practice good hygiene and cleanliness during egg collection and
incubation. Ensure proper storage and handling of eggs to prevent bacterial
contamination.
Treatment: There is currently no effective treatment for ostrich egg peritonitis.
Affected birds may be given supportive care, but the prognosis is poor.
Ostrich Amyloidosis:
Causal Agent: Amyloid protein accumulation in various organs.
Possible Effects/Signs and Symptoms: Progressive weight loss, decreased appetite,
swelling of the limbs, difficulty breathing, and organ dysfunction.
Prevention: There is no known prevention for ostrich amyloidosis, as its cause is not
fully understood.
Treatment: Management usually involves supportive care, including a balanced diet,
monitoring organ function, and providing pain relief if needed. No specific cure is
Ostrich Hypovitaminosis A:
Causal Agent: Inadequate intake or absorption of vitamin A.
Possible Effects/Signs and Symptoms: Poor feather quality, rough, dry skin, eye
abnormalities (such as corneal ulcers, cloudiness), reduced growth, weakened
immune system, and reproductive issues.
Prevention: Provide a well-balanced diet that includes sufficient sources of vitamin
A, such as green leafy vegetables, carrots, and liver.
Treatment: Supplementation with vitamin A is usually required for affected
ostriches. The veterinarian may prescribe appropriate dosages.
Ostrich Gout:
Causal Agent: Accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints and tissues.
Possible Effects/Signs and Symptoms: Swollen joints, lameness, reluctance to
move, decreased appetite, weight loss, and kidney damage.
Prevention: Offer a balanced diet that avoids excessive protein intake.
Treatment: Management involves dietary adjustments to reduce protein levels and
increase water consumption. Medication may be prescribed to alleviate pain and
inflammation.
Ostrich Egg Binding:
Causal Agent: Obstruction or difficulty in passing an egg.
Possible Effects/Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain, difficulty walking, loss of
appetite, straining, bulging cloaca, and passing small amounts of blood.
Prevention: Ensure proper nutrition, adequate calcium levels, and appropriate
nesting conditions. Avoid stress-inducing factors.
Treatment: Assistance may be required to manually extract the egg. In severe cases
or if the egg is impacted, surgical intervention might be necessary.

RECORD KEEPING
Record keeping for ostriches is essential for commercial ostrich farms, wildlife
rehabilitation centers, and zoos.
Here are some key elements to consider when it comes to record keeping for
ostriches:
Identification and Tagging: Each ostrich should have a unique identification
number or tag to track its individual records. This could be a leg band, a microchip,
or an electronic identification device.
Birth/Origin Records: Record the date of birth, hatchery/breeder information, and
any relevant details about the parents, such as the breed, pedigree, and health
history.
Growth and Weight Monitoring: Regularly measure and record the weight and
height of each ostrich throughout its life. This allows for the tracking of growth
rates and potential health issues.
Medical Records: Maintain a comprehensive medical record for each ostrich,
including vaccinations, deworming routines, and any diseases or injuries
encountered.
Reproduction and Breeding Records: Keep detailed records of breeding pairs,
mating dates, clutch size, incubation period, and hatchling information. This helps
monitor the reproductive success rate, assess breeding program effectiveness, and
plan for future breeding cycles.
Feeding and Nutrition Records: Track the feeding regimen, including the type and
quantity of food provided, feeding schedules, and any supplements given. This
ensures proper nutrition, identifies any food-related issues, and enables adjustments
to optimize bird health.
Mortality and Culling Records: Document any deaths, including the cause and
relevant circumstances. In the case of culling (selective elimination), record the
reason, date, and method used.
Behavior Observations: Note any abnormal behaviors, social interactions, or
aggression incidents observed among the ostriches. This information aids in
understanding their behavior, managing group dynamics, and detecting potential
health or stress problems.
Egg Production and Incubation Records: If breeding for egg production, record
the number of eggs laid, incubation dates, and hatching success rates. This helps
evaluate breeding program efficiency and track genetic traits.
Movement and Transfer Documentation: If ostriches are moved between
locations (e.g., from one farm to another or to an educational institution), maintain
records of transport dates, destinations, and any required permits or health
certifications.
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