COMMERCIAL POULTRY

PRODUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT:
QUAIL
INTRODUCTION

 WHAT IS QUAIL?
• QUIAL IS A COLLECTIVE NAME FOR SEVERAL GENERA OF MID-SIZED BIRDS
GENERALLY PLACED IN THE ORDERR GALLIFORMES.
• THE COLLECTIVE NOUN FOR A GROUP OF QUAIL IS FLOCK, COVEY, OR BEVY.
• OLD QUAIL ARE PLACED IN THE FAMILY PHASIANIDAE, AND NEW WORLD QUIAL ARE
PLACED IN THE FAMILY ODONTOPHORIDAE.
• ANY SMALL OLD WORLD GALLINACEOUS GAME BIRD OF THE GENUS COTURNIX AND
RELATED GENERA, HAVING A ROUNDED BODY AND SMALL TAIL: FAMILY
PHASIANIDAE (PHEASANTS) ANY OF VARIOUS SIMILAR AND RELATED AMERICAN
BIRDS, SUCH AS BOBWHITE.
• BEST KNOWN IS Coturnix coturnix, THE COMMON QUAIL OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA;
IT IS THE ONLY MIGRATORY GALLIFORM BIRD.
• SMALL QUIAL SOMETIMES CLASSIFIED AS EXCALFACTORIA, RATHER THAN Coturnix,
INCLUDE THE BLUE QUAIL (C. andamsomi), ONLY 13 CM (5 INCHES) LONG, OF EAST
AFRICA.
• SOME COMMON SYSNONYMS OF QUAIL ARE BLENCH, FLINCH, RECOIL, SHRINK, AND
WINCE. WHILE ALL THESE WORDS MEAN “TO DRAW BACK IN FEAR OR DISTASTE,”
QUAIL SUGGESTS SHRINKING AND VOWERING IN FEAR.
• THE OLDEST KNOWN CALIFORNIA QUAIL WAS 6 YEARS 11 MONTHS OLD.
HISTORY OF QUAIL?

• THEY WERE DOMESTICATED AROUND THE 11TH CENTURY IN JAPAN, AND ORIGINALLY
KEPT AS SONG BIRDS.
• IN THE 1950s, TTHEY WERE BROUGHT TO EUROPE AND ARE NOW BRED FOR THEIR
MEAT AND EGGS.
• QUIALS ARE THE SMALLEST FARMED BIRD, SOME WEIGHING AS LITTLE AS 100g WHEN
FULLY GROWN.
• THERE ARE AROUND 20 DIFFERENT TYPES OF WILD QUAIL FOUND AROUND THE
WORLD AND AROUND 70 DOMESTIC BREEDS.
• DOMESTIC QUAIL BEHAVE SIMILARLY TO WILD QUAIL, ATHOUGH THEY SEEEM TO
HAVE LOST SOME, OR ALL, OF THEIR MIGRATORY INSTINCTS.
ORIGIN OF QUAIL

• QUAILS LIVE IN WOODLANDS, CROPLANDS, AND OPEN SPACES THAT ARE COVRED
WITH BUSHES SUCH AS GRASSLANDS AND FARMLANDS.
• THEY WERE ORIGINATED FROM NORTH AMERICA BUT CAN ALSO BE FOUND ACROSS
EUROPE, AUSTRALIA, ASIA, AFRICA, AND SOUTH AMERICA.
• WILD JAPANESE QUAIL SPECIES LIVE IN RUSSIA, EAST ASIA, AND OTHER PARTS OF
AFRICA.
FIRST DISCOVERED

• THE SPECIES IS THOUGHT TO HAVE DEVELOPED THROUGH THE DOMESTICATION OF

THE COMMON QUIAL IN CHINA DURING THE 11TH CENTURY, AND TO HAVE BEEN
BROUGHT TO JAPAN IN THE 12TH CENTURY, WHERE THEY WERE BRED AS DOMESTIC
SONG BIRDS.
IMPORTANCE OF QUAIL

• QUAIL HELPS BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM.

• IT’S GOOD FOR YOUR HEART AND HEALTH.
• IT CAN SOLVE RESPIRATORY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TROUBLES.
• IT HELPS GIVE PEOPLE ENERGY AS WELL.
• QUICK CHICKS FETCH A HIGHER PRICE THAN CHICKENS DO.
• IT IS RICH IN PROTEIN, VITAMINS, MINERALS, IRON AND MACRONUTRIENTS SUCH AS
CALCIUM, PHOSPHOR, ZINC AND MORE.
• HERE ARE FEW PROMINENT HEALTH BENEFITS: IT CONTAINS A HOST OF VITAMINS,
INCLUDING VITAMIN A, D, K, AND B.
• QUIAL EGGS AND MEATS ARE RICH IB SELENIUM, ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND
ANTIOXIDANTS.
• QUAILS ARE VERY NUTRITIOUS THAN OTHER POULTRY EGGS.
• QUAIL FARMING CAN PLAY A VITAL ROLE TO MEET UP THE DEMAND OF FOOD AND
NUTRITION.
• QUAIL FARMING BUSINESS REQUIRE SMALL INITIAL CAPITAL AND LABOR.
• QUAIL EGGS ARE A GREAT SOURCE OF PROTEIN, WHICH IS IMPORTANT FOR MANY
PROCESSES IN YOUR BODY.
• THEY CAN ALSO BE USED AS AN ENERGY SOURCE.
• THE QUAIL EAT BUGS AND SLUGS WHICH PROTECTS THE PLANTS AND HELPS THEM
THRIVE.
• QUAIL FARMING IS VERY PROFITABLE.
• IT REQUIRES LESS FLOOR SPACE AND FEED.
• QUIAL EGGS CONTAIN MORE YOLK.
ACHIEVEMENT AND STRENGTH OF POULTRY INDUSTRY

 WHAT ARE THE WEAKNESS OF QUAIL FARMING?

• PREDATORS- QUIALS ARE SMALL AND VULNERABLE BIRDS, WHICH CAN MAKES THEM
A TARGET FOR PREDATORS LIKE COYOTES, RACCOONS, AND SNAKES. THIS CAN LEAD
TO REVENUE FOR THE FARM.
 ACHIEVEMENTS
• QUAIL FARMING IS ONE OF THE LEAST EXPLORED FARMING SECTOR IN THE POULTRY
INDUSTRY.
• IT IS A ROBUST BIRD THAT CAN BE COMMERCIALLY USED FOR BOTH EGG AND MEAT
PRODUCTION.
• QUIAL MEAT HAS GOT SOME MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND ITS NUTRITIONAL VALE IS
COMPARATIVELY MORE THAN THAT OF CHICKEN MEAT.
• QUAIL MEAT HAS NUTRIONAL VALUE IN TERMS OF LOW-FAT CONTENT, PRESENCE OF
LIMITING AMINO ACIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPID CONTENT.
• THERE HAS BEEN AN INNCREASE IN QUIAL FARMING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
• IT WILL BE A GREAT SOURCE OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT FOR LOW-INCOME
REGIONS IN THE COUNTRY AS THE PRODUCTION REQUIRES LESS EFFORT COMPARED
TO OTHER POULTRY SECTORS.
• INDIAN GOVERNMENT HAS PLANS TO PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES AND
MANAGEMENTAL ADVICES TO ASSIST THE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN QUAIL FARMING BUT
A GOVERNMENT LICENSE IS REQUIRED TO SELL JAPANESE QUAIL.
• THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST ISSUE THE LICENSE TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF AMIMAL HUSBANDRY.
TAXONOMY OF QUAIL

 COMMON QUAIL
• PHYLUM: CHORDATA
• CLASS: AVES
• ORDER: GALLIFORMES
• FAMILY: PHASIANIDAE
CLASSIFICATION OF QUAILS

• DOMAIN: EUKARYOTA
KINGDOM: ANIMALIA
PHYLUM: CHORDATA
CLASS: AVES
ORDER: GALLIFORMES
SUPERFAMILY: PHASIANOIDEA
• GROUPS INCLUDED:
1. Odontophoridae Gould, 1884
2. Phasianidae, subfamily: Perdicinae
3. Horsfield, 1821 (partial)- Coturnix Garsault, 1764, Ophrysia Bonaparte, 1856, Perdicula Hodgson,
1837
 CLADISTICALLY INCLUDED BUT TRADITIONALLY EXCLUDED TAXA
• NUMIDIDAE
• ALL OTHER MEMBERS OF PHASIANIDAE
TYPES OF PRODUCTION

• DURING THE 25 DAYS OF FATTENING PERIOD, LIGHT SHOULD BE RISTRICTED FROM 6-8
HOURS A DAY.
• THIS PRACTICE WILL IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF MEAT.
• ON THE AVERAGE, QUAIL START LAYING AFTER 45 DAYS FROM HATCHING.
• THE PRODUCTION CYCLE LASTS FOR 300-320 DAYS AND WITHIN THIS PERIOD, THE
LAYING EFFICIENCY SHOULD BE MAINTAINED AT 65%.
 EGG PRODUCTION
• IN A YEAR OF PRDOCTION PERIOD UNDER STANDARD MANAGEMENTAL PRACTICE,
THE QUAILS CAN PRODUCE 250-300 EGGS.
• THE PURPOSE OF FOR EGG-TYPE QUAILS IS TO OBTAIN A HIGH EGG PRODUCTION AND
TO GET AN EARLIER SEXUAL MATURITY, IN ORDER TO IMPROVE LAYING
PERFORMANCE.
• EGGS ARE THE MAIN PRODUCT OF QUAILS.
• FOR SMALL SCALE/BACKYARD QUAIL RAISING, THIS CAN BE PLACED IN A BASKET
AND MARKETED FRESH.
• FOR BIGGER OPERATION, IT IS ADVISABLE TO PACK EGGS IN CARTON BOXES WITH
INDIVIDUAL DIVIDERS TO PROTECT THE QUALITY OF EGGS.
 MEAT PRODUCTION
• QUAILS HAVE A GOOD RATIO OF MEATS TO BONES, AND GIVEN TENDERNESS AND
SMALL SIZE, THE BONES ARE USUALLY EATEN AS WELL, INSTEAD OF BEING REMOVED.
• QUAILS HAVE A DELICATE FLESH WITH A TASTE THAT’S SIMILAR TO CHICKEN, BUT
MORE FLAVORFUL.
• HIGH IN VITAMINS AND MINERALS.
• A VALUED DIETARY CHOICE WITH UNIQUE BENEFITS, QUAIL MEAT COMES TO US FROM
QUAIL BIRDS, A TINY, PLUMP BIRD WITH BROWN FEATHERS.
• IT WEIGHS AROUND 1-2 POUNDS (ROUGHLY 400-900 GRAMS).
• QUAILS BELONGS TO THE PHEASANT FAMILY, IS SOUGHT AFTER FOR ITS FLAVOURED
DARK OR WHITE MEATS.
• IT IS PACKED WITH VITAMIN B6, VITAMIN B12, IRON AND ZINC.
BREEDS OF QUAIL

 THE CALIFORNIA
• IS A FOREST BIRD THAT LIVES IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND
NORTHERN MEXICO.
 BOBWHITE
• THE NORTHERN BOBWHITE, ALSO KNOWN AS THE VIRGINIA QUAIL OR BOBWHITE
QUAIL.
• A GROUND-DWELLING BIRD NATIVE TO CANADA, THE UNITED STATES, MEXICO, AND
CUBA, WITH INTRODUCE POPULATIONS ELSEWHERE IN THE CARIBBEAN, EUROPE, AND
ASIA.
 GAMBEL’S QUAIL
• A SMALL GROUND-DWELLING BIRD IN THE NEW WORLD QUAIL FAMILY.
 COTURNIX
• IS A GENUS OF FIVE EXTANT SPECIES AND FIVE TO EIGHT KNOWN EXTINCT SPECIES OF
OLD WORLD QUAIL.
 JAPENESE QUAIL (Coturnix japonica)
• ALSO KNOWN AS THE COTURNIX QUAIL.
• A SPECIES OF OLD WORLD QUAIL FOUND IN EAST ASIA.
• FIRST CONSIDERED A SUBSPECIES OF THE COMMON QUAIL.
• IT IS NOW CONSIDERED AS A SEPARATE SPECIES.
 SCALED QUAIL (Callipepla squamata)
• ALSO COMMONLY CALLED BLUE QUAIL OR COTTONTOP.
• A SPECIES OF THE NEW WORLD QUAIL FAMILY.
• IT IS A BLUISH GRAY BIRD.
• FOUND IN THE ARID OF REGIONS OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES TO
CENTRAL MEXICO.
• AN EARLY OFFSHOOT OF THE GENUS Callipepla, DIVERGING IN THE Pliocene.
 MONTEZUMA QUAIL (Cyrtonyx montezumae)
• A STUBBY, SECRETIVE NEW WORLD QUIAL OF MEXICO AND SOME NEARBY PARTS OF
THE UNITED STATES.
• ALSO KNOWN AS Mearn’s quail, harlequin quail, (FOR THE MALE’S STRIKING PATTERN),
AND THE Fool quail (FOR ITS BEHAVIOUR).
 MOUNTAIN QUAIL (Oreortyx pictus)
• A SMALL GROUN-DWELLING BIRD IN THE NEW WORLD QUAIL FAMILY.
• ONLY ONE IN THE GENUS Oreortyx, WHICH IS SOMETIMES INCLUDED IN Callipepla.
 KING QUAIL (Synoicus chinensis)
• ALSO KNOWN AS THE BLUE-BREASTED QUAIL, ASIAN BLUE QUAIL, CHINESE PAINTED
QUAIL, OR CHUNG-CHI, IS A SPECIES OF OLD WORLD QUAIL IN THE FAMILY Phasianidae.
• A “TRUE QUAIL”.
 BUTTON QUAIL (HEMIPODES)
• ARE MEMBER OF SMALL FAMILY OF BIRDS Turnicidae, WHICH RESEMBLE,
• BUT ARE NOT RELATED TO, THE QUAILS OF Phasianidae.
• THEY INHABIT WARM GRASSLANDS IN ASIA, AFRICA, EUROPE, AND AUSTRALIA.
 RAIN QUAIL OR BLACK-BREASTED QUAIL (Coturnix coromandelica)
• A SPECIES OF QUAIL FOUND IN THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA,
• ITS RANGE INCLUDING PAKISTAN, INDIA, NEPAL, SRI LANKA, MYANMAR, THAILAND,
CAMBODIA AND VIETNAM.
 HARLEQUIN QUAIL (Coturnix delegorguei)
• A SPECIES OF BIRD IN THE FAMILY Phasianidae.
• IT OCCURS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA.
• IT IS NAMED AFTER THE COLLECTOR, ADULPHE DELEGORGUE
 MANIPUR BUSH QUAIL (Perdicula manipurensis)
• A SPECIES OF QUAIL FOUND IN NORTH EASTERN INDIA, AND BANGLADESH
INHABITING DAMP GRASSLAND, PARTICULARLY STANDS OF TALL GRASS.
• FIRST COLLECTED AND DESCRIBES BY ALLAN OCTAVIAN HUME ON AN
ORNITHOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO MANIPUR IN 1881.
 JUNGLE BUSH QUAIL (Perdicula asiatica)
• A SPECIES OF QUAIL IN THE FAMILY PHASIANIDAE.
• MALES HAVE BROWN UPPER PARTS WITH BLACKISH AND BUFF MARKING AND
WHITISH UNDER PARTS WITH BLACK BARRING. THE FACE IS MAINLY DARK REDDISH-
BROWN, WITH BROWN EAR-COVERTS, A BUFFY-WHITE MOUSTACHIAL STRIPE, AND
THE SUPERCILIUM TURNING WHITISH TOWARDS THE BACK OF THRR NECK.
• FEMALES HAVE A SIMILAR PATTERN, BUT WITH PINKISH-BROWN UNDER PARTS, MORE
UNIFORM WINGS, AND DULLER MOUSTACHIAL STRIPES.
 OCELLATED QUAIL (Cyrtonyx ocellatus)
• A SPECIES OF BIRD IN THE FAMILY Odontophoridae, THE NEW WORLD QUAIL.
• IT IS FOUND IN THE EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, MEXICO, AND
NICARAGUA.
 TAWNY-FACED QUAIL (Rhynchortyx cinctus)
• A SPECIES OF BIRD IN THE FAMILY Odontophoridae, THE NEW WORLD QUAIL.
• IT IS FOUND IN THE COLOMBIA, COSTA RICA, ECAUDOR, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA,
AND PANAMA.
 ROFOUS-BREASTED WOOD QUAIL (Odontophorous speciosus)
 A SPECIES OF BIRD IN THE FAMILY Odontophoridae.
 IT IS FOUND IN BOLIVIA, ECUADOR, AND PERU PRIMARILY ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE
ANDES BETWEEN 800 AND 2000 M IN ELEVATION (HIGHER IN PERU).
 DARK-BACKED WOOD QUAIL (Odontophorus melanonotus)
• A BIRD SPECIES IN THE FAMILY Odontophoridae, WHICH IS THE NEW WORLD QUAIL.
• IT IS FOUND IN COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR.
QUAIL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE

 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF MALE

QUAIL
 INTERNAL ANATOMY OF MALE QUAIL  FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF FEMALE
QUAIL
EGG STRUCTURE OF QUAIL

 QUAIL EGG TASTE REMARKABLY LIKE CHICKEN EGGS BUT ARE SMALL-TYPICALLY
JUST 1/3RD THE SIZE OF A STANDARD CHICKEN EGG.
 THEY HAVE CREAM COLORED SHELLS WITH BROWN SPLOTCHES AND DEEP-YELLOW
YOLKS.
 IT IS COMPOSED OF SHELL, MEMBRANE, AIRCEELL, EGG WHITE, EGG YOLK, AND THE
CHALAZA.
 THE EGG WHITE FORMS 2/3RD OF THE WHOLE EGG WHEREAS EGG YOLK VOVERS ONLY
1/3RD OF THE EGG.
 THE EGG SHELL IS HARD AND BRITTLE AND IS EITHER WHITE OR BROWN, IT IS
COMPOSED OF CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, AND CALCIUM PHOSPHATE.
WHAT IS THE SHAPE OF A QUAIL EGG?

 IN SPARROW (c= 9.5- 11.19) AND QUAIL (c= 11.71- 13.11), IN THE FORM TENDS TO BE
OVOID.
BREEDING PRACTICES OF QUAIL

• QUAILS START LAYING THEIR EGGS AT THE AGE OF 7TH WEEK.

• THEY ATTAIN 50% EGG PRODUCTION AT 8TH WEEK OF AGE.
• IN ORDER TO PRODUCE FERTILE EGGS, THE MALE QUAILS SHOULD BE REARED ALONG
WITH THE FEMALES AT 8-10 WEEKS OF AGE.
• THE MALE, FEMALE RATIO IS 1:5.
• INCUBATION PERIOD IN QUAILS IS 18 DAYS.
• WITH 500 FEMALE QUAILS, WE CAN PRODUCE 1500 QUIAL CHICKS PER WEEK.
WHAT IS THE MATING BEHAVIOUR OF QUAIL?

• FIRST, THE MALE WILL LOWER ITS HEAD AND EXTEND ITS WINGS WITH ITS ELBOWS
HELD BACK TO FORM A WALL OFN FEATHERS.
• NEXT, THE MALE WILL PUFF OUT ITS CHEST AND WILL WALK OR EVEN RUSH TOWARDS
THE FEMALE.
• MATE GUARDING AND MALE BODY CONDITION SHAPE MALE FERTILIZATION SUCCESS
AND FEMALE MATING SYSTEM IN THE COMMON QUAIL.
• IN SPECIES WITH FEMALE POLYGAMY, PAIR BONDS ARE FREQUENTLY ESTABLISHED
SINCE MATE GUARDING CAN DTERMINE MALE FERTILIZATION SUCCESS.
• MALES FACE A TRADE-OFF BETWEEN MATE GUARDING AND LOOKING FOR NEW
MATES, WHICH CAN BE SHAPED BY THEIR BODY CONDITION.
SEXING

• SEXUAL DIMORPHISM DOES NOT BECOME OBVIOUS UNTIL THE CONTOUR FEATHERS
EMERGE WHEN THE QUAIL ARE 2-3 WEEKS OF AGE.
• THE BIRDS ARE SEXED BY THE DIFFERENCE IN COLOR OF THE BREAST FEATHERS,
• THE MALE HAVING BROWNISH-RED FEATHERS
• THE FEMALE CHARACTERISTICALLY HAVING TAN (GRAY) FEATHERS WITH BLACK
SPECKLES.
• ADULTS MALE ARE RICH GRAY AND BROWN, WITH A BLACK FACE OUTLINED WITH
BOLD WHITE STRIPES.
• FEMALES ARE PLAINER BROWN AND THE FACIAL MARKINGS.
• BOTH SEXES HAVE A PATTERN OF WHITE, CREAMY, AND CHESTNUT SCALES ON THE
BELLY.
• YOUNG BIRDS LOOK LIKE FEMALES BUT HAVE A SHORTER TOPKNOT.
VENT SEXING

1. WHAT IS VENT SEXING?

• OR MANUALLY EXAMINING THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
• ONE WAY TO DETERMINE THE GENDER OF YOUR NEW CHICKS.
• NOT EASY AND REQUIRES A TRAINED EYE.
• THE TRAINING IS LENTHY AND DIFFICULT
• IT IS PRACTICE MOST OFTEN ONLY PERFORMED BY LARGE COMMERCIAL HATCHERIES.
2. HOW TO DO VENT SEXING?
• KNOWN SIMPLY AS VENTING
• INVOLVES SQUEEZING THE FECES OUT OF THE CHICK, WHICH OPEN THE CHICK’S
ANAL VENT CALLED A CLOACA SLIGHTLY,
• ALLOWING THE CHICKEN TO SEXER TO SEE IF THE CHICK HAS A SMALL “BUMP”
3. WHY VENT SEXING?
• IT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE THE GENDER OF YOUR NEW CHICKS.
4. WHEN TO DO VENT SEXING?
• UNTIL THEY BEGIN SHOWING THE NATURAL SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR
SEX.
• IN MALES, THE COMBS AND WATTLES WILL BECOME LARGER THAN THOSE FEMALES
AND THE HEAD WILL BECOME MORE ANGULAR AND MASCULINE LOOKING.

FEATHER SEXING
1. WHAT IS FEATHER SEXING?
• BASED ON THE FEATHER CHARACTERISTICS THAT DIFFER BETWEEN MALE AND
FEMALE CHICKS.
• THE FEATHER APPEARANCES ARE DETERMINED BY SPECIALLY SELECTED GENETIC
TRAITS MUST BE PRESENT IN THE CHICK STRAIN
2. HOW IS FEATHER SEXING?
• IF THE PRIMARY FEATHERS ARE LONGER THAN THE COVERT FEATHERS, THEN THE
CHICK IS FEMALE.
• IF THE COVERTS AND PRIMARIES ARE THE SAME LENGTH, OR THE PRIMARIES ARE
SHORTER THAN THE COVERTS, THEN THE CHICK IS MALE.
3. WHY IS FEATHER SEXING?
• THE METHOD IS VERY EASY TO LEARN BY THE POULTRYMAN,
• BUT THE FEATHER APPEARANCES ARE DETERMINED BY SPECIALLY SELECTED
GENETIC TRAITS THAT MUST BE PRESENT IN THE CHICK STRAIN.
4. WHEN IS FEATHER SEXING?
• BASED ON SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS CAN USUALLY BE PERFORMED AFTER
CHICKS ATTAIN 4-6 WEEKS OF AGE.
MEDICATION GUIDE PRACTICES (FROM CHICKS TO
FINISHER)
• EXAMPLES OF FDA APPROVED ANTIBIOTICS FOR QUAIL DIETS ARE BACITRACIN AND
PENICILIN.
• BACITRACIN (50-200 GRAMS PER TON)
• PENICILIN (20-50 GRAMS PER TON).
• HIGHER LEVELS ARE NOT RECOMMENDED NOR PERMITTED BY FDA.
• BIRDS GROWN FOR BREEDER REPLACEMENTS ARE FED A COCCIDIOSTAT UNTIL ABOUT
16 WEEKS OF AGE.
• THE MEDICATED FEED IS THEN REPLACED WITH A FEED NOT CONTAINING A
COCCIDIOSTAT.
FEEDS AND FEEDING

 FEEDING PROGRAMS
• FEED QUAIL CHICKS A “STARTER” DIET SOON AFTER HATCHING.
• CONTINUE FEEDING THE STARTER UNTIL THE BIRDS ARE 6-8 WEEKS OLD.
• FINISHER DIET- 6-8 WEEKS OLD
• DEVELOPER DIET- FOR EGG PRODCUTION, FLIGHT BIRDS AND IMMATURE BREEDERS,
UNTIL THEY ARE ABOUT 20 WEEKS OLD.
• LAYER DIET- FEW WEEKS BEFORE YOU EXPECTED EGG PRODCUTION, MATURE
LAYING BREEDER BIRDS
• REMEMBER, BIRDS SAVED FOR EGG PRODUCTION ARE FED DEVELOPER DIETS, NOT
FINISHER DIETS.
• 24% CRUDE PROTEIN- STARTER DIET FOR QUAIL AND THE PROTEIN.
PROTEIN, ENERGY, FATS REQUIREMENTS

 PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
• 20% CRUDE PROTEIN- NONBREEDING PERIODS
• 20%-25% CRUDE PROTEIN- BREEDING SEASON
 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
• 2,600- 3,000 kcal ME/kg DIET- FOR GROWING QUAIL.
• 2,550 kcal ME/kg- FOR LAYING QUAILS.
• 2,600- 2,800 kcal ME/kg- DID NOT INFLUENCE THE GAIN IN WEIGHT.
• GRAINS AND CEREALS- THE MAIN ENERGY SOURCE.
 FATS REQUIREMENTS
• ANIMAL TALLOW, LARD OR OTHER VEGETABLE OILS ARE ADDED TO THE DEIT IF HIGH
ENERGY IS REQUIRED BY THE QUAIL.
INGREDIENTS USED IN DIETS
AMOUNT OF FEED GIVEN (SAME AS STARTER, GROWER AND
FINISHER
TYPE OF FEEDER

• STARTER- SOON AFTER HATCHING.

• UNTIL BIRDS ARE 6-8 WEEKS OLD.
• IT HAS THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF PROTEIN A BIRD RECEIVES DURING ITS LIFETIME.

 VITAMINS REQUIREMENTS
• CATEGORIZED AS FAT SOLUBLE, (A, D, K, AND K)
• AND WATER SOLUBLE (THE B-COMPLEX VITAMINS.
• THE PRINCIPAL VITAMIN FUNCTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. VITAMIN A.
• ENSURING ADEQUATE GROWTH.
• ASSISTING IN THE BIRD’S RESISTANCE TO DISEASE.
• ESSENTIAL FOR NORMAL VISION, EGG PRODUCTION, AND REPRODUCTION.
2. VITAMIN D
• AIDS THE ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS FORM THE INTESTINAL TRACT
AND THE DEPOSITION OF CALCIUM ON EGG SHELL.
• ASSOCIATED WITH SUNLIGHT.
3. VITAMIN E
• ESSENTIAL TO BREEDING STOCK FOR THE GOOD HATCHABILITY OF THEIR EGGS.
• TO PREVENT THE FAT FROM GOING BAD.
• WHOLE GRAINS AND ALFALFA MEAL ARE THE BEST NATURAL SOURCES OF VITAMIN E.
4. VITAMIN K
• AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTHROMBIN.
• IT IS PRESENT NATURALLY IN ALL GREEN FOODS, ESPECIALLY RICH IN LUCERNE
MEAL.
5. VITAMIN B COMPLEX
• WELL DISTRIBUTED IN CEREALS AND GRAINS,
• DEFICIENCIES ARE NORMALLY UNLIKELY TO OCCUR.
• TO ASSIST THE QUAIL IN ACHIEVING ITS OPTIMUM GROWTH.
6. THIAMIN (VITAMIN B1)
• NEEDED FOR METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES.
7. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
• SLOW GROWTH, HIGH MORTALITY, IMPAURED GAIT AND POSTURE WHICH IS KNOWN
AS ‘CURLED TOE PARALYSIS’ IN QUAILS.
• FEATHERING WAS ABSENT.
• 8 MG RIBOFLAVIN/KG DIET IN THE ABSENCE OF VITAMIN B12 AND VITAMIN C.
• IT DECREASED TO 4 MG PER KG IN PRESENCE OF THESE VITAMINS.
• TO MAINTAIN NORMAL EGG PRODUCTION.
8. NICOTINIC ACID
• RAMCHANDRAN AND ARSCOTT (1974) SUGGESTED A LEVEL OF 40 MG PER KG DIETS
FOR NORMAL GROWING QUAILS.
• 4 WEEK OLD QUAIL WHICH FOUND A SUBSEQUENT DEPRESSION IN GROWTH.
9. PANTOTHENIC ACID
• 7.5 MG CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE/KG DIET
• 10-30 MG
• 40 MG/KG DIET
• 15 MG SUPPLEMENTARY CALCIUM PAMTOTHENATE PR KG DIET
10. CHOLINE
• REQUIRES HIGHER LEVELS OF DIETARY CHOLINE
• TO SUPPORT MAXIMUM GROWTH, PREVENT PEROSIS, MAINTAIN MAXIMUM EGG
WEIGHT, EEG PRODUCTION AND HATCHABILITY THAN CHICKENS.
• 3, 100 MG/KG DIET- FOR QUAIL EGG LAYING.
11. FOLIC ACID
• 0.3- 0.36 MG/KG CASEIN-GELATIN BASED DIET- FOR GROWING QUAIL.
12. BIOTIN
• FOR GAIN IN BODY WEIGHT OF QUAIL
• FOR INCREASE IN EGG PRODUCTION
13. VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)
• FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL RED BLOOD CELLS.
• FOR BETTER HATCHABILITY.
• FOUND IN ALL THE INREDIENTS IN FEED.
HOUSING

 TYPES OF HOUSING
• INTENSIVE SYSTEM AND SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM.
• CANNOT BE HOUSE IN AN OPEN RANGE SYSTEM IN WHICH THEY CAN MOVE FREELY.
• CAN BE KEPT IN A SIMPLE RABBIT HUTCH PERFECTLY ADEQUATE FOR 6 BIRDS.
• NEEDS TO BE RODENT PROOF EITHER WILL A SOLID FLOOR OR WIRE FLOOR.
• THE WIRE NEED TO BE ½ INC GAGE.
1. FREE RANGE QUAIL FARMING
• ABLE TO HIDE IN THE GRASS, HAVE SAND BOXES TO DUCT-BATHE IN.
• ROOF OVER THE AVIARY
2. BACKYARD QUAIL FARMING
• CAN BE BOTH FUN AND PROFITABLE.
• THE HIGHEST FORM OF FARMING MAY CITY ALLOWS ON SMALL LOT.
3. QUAIL FARMING CAGE DESIGN
• 10 STANDARDS QUAIL IN THIS QUAIL
CAGE.
• 3 PER SECTION- LARGER BIRDS
• 5 PER SECTION- SMALLER QUAIL
• QUIAL COLLECTION HAVE CAPACITIES
FROM 5-75 QUAIL.
4. CAGE QUAIL FARMING
• INCLUDES COMPLETE ACCESSORIES
INCLUDING HOSEPIPE, DRINKER,WATER
TANK, DRINKER AND PIPE CONNECTOR,
AND FEEDER.
• EACH BIRD REQUIRE 150- 175 SQ.CM
FOR STAYING.
• QUAILS ARE KEPT IN CAGES IN GROUPS
OR ALL TOGETHER DEPENDING ON THE
NUMBER OF QUAILS.
• 25-50 QUAILS
• MAY BE ARRANGED IN SINGLE ROW,
DOUBLE ROW OR MULTI ROWS IN A
SHED OR ROOM.
 INTENSIVE SYSTEM
• GROWN QUAILS REQUIRES 200-250
SQ.CM SPACE PER QUAIL.
6. SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM
• COMBINATION OF INTENSIVE AND
OPEN SYSTEM.
• IT HAS A DEEP LITTER SYSTEM
ATTACHED WITH AN ENCLOSED RUN.
• THE SIZE OF THE RUN MAY BE 4-10
TIMES MORE THAN THE DEEP LITTER
AREA.
SPACING AND DIMENSIONS

• DEEP LITTER SYSTEM, 6 QUAILS CAN BE REARED IN A SQ.FT. OF FLOOR SPACE.

• CAN BE REARED IN CAGES AFTER 2 WEEKS.
• EACH UNIT IS ABOUT 6 FEET IN LENGTH
• 1 FOOT IN WIDTH
• SUBDIVIDED INTO 6 SUBUNITS.
• 6 TIERS HIGH
• 4-5 CAGES IN A ROW.
• 10-12 PER CAGES- COMMERCIAL EGG LAYERS ARE USUALLY HOUSED IN COLONIES.
• MALE QUAILS ARE INTRODUCED IN THE CAGES IN THE RATIO OF 1-3 FEMALES- FOR
BREEDING PURPOSES.
TYPES OF ROOFING

1. SHED ROOFING
• H
2. GABLE ROOFING
3. HALF-MONITOR ROOFING
4. FULL-MONITOR (MONITOR ROOFING)
5. FLAT CONCRETE ROOFING
6. GAMBREL ROOFING
7. GOTHIC ROOFING
VENTILATION

• DURING THE SUMMER, QUAIL CAN OVERHEAT (LIKE ANY ANIMAL)

• IN THE WINTER, CROSS VENTILATION IS A LITTLE TOO MUCH.
• ABOUT 16 HOURS A DAY WILL BE FINE.
• LIGHT SPECTRUM IS NECESSARY TO KEEP THE QUAIL HEALTHY AND PRODUCING
QUALITY EGGS.
LOCATION AND SECURITY

• 10 STANDARD QUAIL IN QUAIL CAGE.

• 3 PER SECTION- IN LARGER SECTION.
• 5 PER SECTION- IN SMALLER QUAIL.
• 5-75 QUAIL- CAGE COLLECTION.
• LONG NARROW FEED TRHOUGHS- ARE PLACED IN FRONT OF THE CAGES.
• WATER TROUGHS ARE PLACED AT THE BACK OF THE CAGES.
• COMMERCIAL LAYER EGGS LAYERS- HOUSED IN COLONIES OF 10-12 BIRDS PER CAGE.
• FOR BREEDING PURPOSES- CAGES IN THE RATIO OF 1-3 FEMALES.
TOPOGRAPHY
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

• 180-190- TARGET
• 150-160- HELPS BREASTS
• 180-190- LEGS
• 99.5 F AND 40-50% HUMIDITY
• 45%- DURING THE FIRST 14 DAYS AND THE TEMPERATURE SHOULD BE 99.5 DEGREES F.
MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICES

 INCUBATION
• 18 DAYS.
• CAN BE INCUBATED ARTIFICIALLY USING FORCED DRAFT INCUBATOR
• 36.9- 37.20 C
• 60- 70%- HUMIDITY
• 4-6 TIMES DAILY UP TO 14 DAYS OF INCUBATION.
 BROODING
• THEY CAN BE BROODED EITHER ON DEEP LITTER OR IN BATTERY BROODERS.
• END OF 3 WEEKS OF AGE- REDUCES MORTALITY CONSIDERABLY.
• 75 CM- CHICK UNDER THE HOVER.
• 75 CM- CHICK AS RUN SPACE.
• COTURNIX QUAIL EGGS HATCH IN 18 DAYS ON AVERAGE.
• THEY MAY HATCH AS EARLY AS 16 DAYS OR AS LATE AS 20 DAYS.
 LIGHTNING MANAGEMENT
• JAPENESE QUAIL REQUIRE 14-18 HOURS OF LIGHT PER DAY TO MAINTAIN MAXIMUM
EGG PRODUCTIONN AND FERTILITY.
 LIGHTNING PRACTICE
• WHITE CHRISTMAS LIGHTS AROUND THE QUAIL CAGES
• SET THEM ON A TIMER SO THEY COME ON A LITTE BEFORE SUNSET.
• 16 HOURS OF LIGHT A DAY.
 LIGHTNING SCHEDULE
• 12 HOURS AND 30 MINUTES- NATURAL LIGHTNING
• 7- 49 DAYS OF AGE FOR MEAT QUAILS.
• 49- 136 DAYS OF AGE- DURING LAYING PERIOD.
 FOR INTERMITTENT LIGHTNING PROGRAM
• 12 HRS. AND 30 MINS. DAYLIGHYT + 5 HRS. AND 30 MINS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT, DIVIDED
IN 1 HR. AND 23 MINUTES OF LIGHT AND 1 HR AND 23 MINUTES DARKNESS.
 DEBEAKING
• WHAT IS DEBEAKING?
-TO REMOVE THE TIP OF THE UPPER MANDIBLE OF (A BIRD, SUCH AS A CHICKEN) TO
PREVENT CANNIBALISM AND FIGHTING.
• WHEN TO DEBEAK?
-IT SHOULD BE DONE PRIOR TO 12 WEEKS OF AGE.
• 3. HOW TO DEBEAK?
-BY REMOVING THE PART THEY PINCH AND TEAR FLESH WITH, MAKING IT EXTREMELY
DIFFICULT FOR THEM TO BE CANNIBALISTIC.
-BY USING A SCISSOR-LIKE DEVICE LIKE SECATEURS TO CUT THE TIP OF THE BEAK.
-THE TRADITIONAL HOT BLADE METHOD CUTS AND CAUTERIZES THE EDGE OF THE BEAK
DESTROYING THE TISSUE ADJACENT TO THE CUT.
-ELECTRIC CURRENT CAN BE USED TO DAMAGE THE BEAK TO SHED THE TIP.
• 4. WHY DEBEAK?
-TO REDUCE CANNIBALISM, AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS, FEATHER PECKING (CUNNINGHAM,
1997).
-THIS IS AN ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE FOR THE PRODUCER, BUT A WELFARE CONCERN FOR
THE ANIMAL.
BIOSECURITY AND SANITAION PROGRAM

 BIOSECURITY
• AVOID CONTACT WITH WILD BIRDS AND BACKYARD POULTRY.
• FARMS SHOULD BE FENCED.
• KEEP DOORS AND GATES LOCKED AT ALL TIMES.
• NO DENSE FOLIAGE AROUND SHEDS, NO ROOSTING SITE FOR WILD BIRDS.
• PROVIDE BOOTS AND COVER ALL FOR STAFF AND VISITORS FOR EACH SHED.
• CLEAN FOOTBATHS SHOULD BE PLACED AT THE ENTRANCE OF EACH SHED. THESE
SHOULD BE CHANGE REGULARLY.
• BEFORE LEAVING THE FARM, CLOTHES SHOULD BE CHANGED AND WASH HANDS AND
ARMS.
• THE EQUIPMENTS USED BETWEEN FARMS SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY CLEANED AND
DISINFECTED BEFORE USE.
• CLEAN AND DISINFECT ALL COOPS, CRATES AND OTHER POULTRY CONTAINERS OR
EQUIPMENT BEFORE AND AFTER USE.
• PROVIDE WHEEL DIPS OR WHEEL SPRAYING FACILITIES AT THE FARM ENTRANCE AND
ALLOW ONLY NECESSARY VEHICLES ON SITE.
• FARM ANIMALS OTHER THAN POULTRY SHOULD BE FENCED SEPERATELY AND HAVE A
DIFFERENT ENTRANCE FROM THE POULTRY FARM ENTERPRISE.
• NO PET ANIMALS SHOULD BE ALLOWED IN OR AROUND THE POULTRY HOUSING.
• ALL FARMS SHOULD HAVE A VERMIN CONTROL PLAN WHICH INCLUDES FREQUENT
MONITORING OF RODENT.
• ADEQUATE SUPPLIES OF RODENT BAIT MUST BE MAINATINED.
• ALL HOUSES SHOULD BE VERMIN PROOF.
• THE AREA SHOULD BE FREE FROM VEGETATION, DEBRIS AND UNUSED EQUIPMENTS
THAT COULD HARBOR VERMIN.
• ENSURE THE FEED, WATER AND BEDDING SOURCES ARE FREE FROM INFECTIOUS
AGENTS.
• CLEAN UP FEED SPILLS AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE AND FIX ANY LEAKING FEED BINS
OR FEED PIPES.
• FARMS SHOULD HAVE TOILET AND HAND WASHING FACILITIES SEPARATE FROM THE
POULTRY HOUSE.
• A DEDICATED CHANGING FACILITY FOR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR
SHOULD BE SITED AT THE FARM ENTRANCE.
• PROVIDE HAND SANITIZING FACILITIES AT THE ENTRANCE TO EACH HOUSE.
• PROVIDE WELL MAINTAINED FOOTBATHS AT THE ENTRANCE TO EACH POULTRY
HOUSE.
• CLEAN FOOTWEAR BEFORE USING FOOTBATH TO REMOVE ORGANIC MATERIAL,
WHICH COULD INACTIVATE THE DISINFECTANT.
• REVIEW YOUR BIOSECURITY PLAN AND FLOCK HEALTH PROGRAM, INCLUDING
VACCINATION PROTOCOLS, WITH VETERINARIAN ON A REGULAR BASIS.
• PROVISION OF SEPARATE FEED STORAGE FACILITY AT UNITS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES
MAY ALSO BE CONSIDERED.
• EQUIPMENT MEANT FOR DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BIRDS SHOULD BE SEPARATE.
• PROVISION OF ALL-ROUND SPRAY SYSTEM OF DISINFECTANTS AT THE AT THE ENTRY
OF EACH SPECIES UNITS.
• PROPER VACCINATION SCHEDULE MUST BE FOLLOWED.
• FEED SHOULD BE REGULARLY ANALYSED FOR MYCOTOXINS.
 SANITATION
• IT SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT FREQUENTLY TO REDUCE THE BUILD-UP OF PATHOGENIC
ORAGNISMS.
• DISINFECTANTS LIKE CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND THE PERACETIC ACID FOR
DISINFECTION OR STERILIZATION MAY BE USED.
• DISPOSAL OF DEAD BIRDS ANG POULTRY MANURE AND SANITIZING THE DRINKING
WATER.
• PROPER VENTILATION WITH ADEQUATE AIR FLOW IN ALL SHEDS IS RECOMMENDED.
• REGULAR TESTING OF MICROBIAL LOAD- AT DIFFERENT PLACES IS RECOMMENDED.
• NEWLY PURCHASED EQUIPMENTS SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY WASHED WITH SOAPY
WATER OR OTHERWISE SHOULD BE DISINFECTED BEFORE USE.
• NEWLY PURCHASED CAGES SHOULD ALSO BE SUBJECTED TO WASHING WITH SOAPY
WATER OR SHOULD BE DISINFECTED.
• CLEAN FEEDER AND WATERER’S DAILY.

 DISEASES, PREVENTION AND SANITATION PROGRAMS

1. MEREK’S DISEASE
• SYMPTOMS- PARALYSIS DECREASED APPETITE, DECREASED ACTIVITY AND
INCREASED MORTALITY.
• CAUSES- A VIRAL INFECTION CAUSED BY MREK’S DISEASE VIRUS WHICH IS
TRANSMITTED THROUGH AIR BONE DROPLETS OR CONTACT WITH CONTAMINATED
EQUIPMENT OR FEED.
• PREVENTION- BIOSECURITY MEASURES SUCH AS STRICT CONTROL OF MOVEMENTS IN
AND OUT OF THE FARM, DISINFECTION OF THE PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT AND
VACCINATION.
• CONTROL- SUPPORTIVE CARE AND TREATMENT WITH ANTIVIRAL DRUGS.
2. MYCOPLASMA INFECTION
• SYMPTOMS- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, DECREASED EGG PRODUCTION, AND INCREASED
MORTALITY.
• CAUSES- A BACTERIAL INFECTION CAUSED BY MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM WHICH
IS TRASMITTED THRIOUGH THE CONTACT WITH INFECTED BIRDS, THEIR FECES, OR
CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR FEED.
• PREVENTION- BIOSECURITY MEASURES SUCH AS STRICT CONTROL OF MOVEMENTS IN
AND OUT OF THE FARM, DISINFECTION OF THE PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT AND
VACCINATION.
• CONTROL- TREATMENT WITH ANTIBIOTICS AND SUPPORTIVE CARE.
3. INFECTIOUS CORYZA
• SYMPTOMS- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, NASAL DISCHARGE, DECREASED APPETITE, AND
DECREASED EGG PRODUCTION.
• CAUSES- A BACTERIAL INFECTION CAUSED BY AVIBACTERIUM PARALLINARUM,
TRASMITTED THROUGH DIRECT CONTACT WITH INFECTED BIRDS, FECES, OR
CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR FEED.
• PREVENTION- BIOSECURITY MEASURES SUCH AS STRICT CONTROL OF MOVEMENTS IN
AND OUT OF THE FARM, DISINFECTION OF THE PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT, AND
VACCINATION.
• CONTROL- TREATMENT WITH ANTIBIOTICS AND CONTROL.
4. COLI INFECTION
• SYMPTOMS- DIARRHEA, DECREASED ACTIVITY, AND INCREASED MORTALITY.
• CAUSES- A BACTERIAL INFECTION CAUSED BY ASPERGILLUS SPECIES TRASMITTED
THROUGH CONTAMINATED FEED OR LITTER.
• PREVENTION- PROPER SANITATION, HYGIENE, AND DISINFECTION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT, FEED AND WATER SOURCES.
• CONTROL- TREATMENT WITH ANTIBIOTICS AND SUPPORTIVE CARE.
5. ASPERGILLOSIS
• SYMPTOMS- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, DECREASED APPETITE, INCREASED THIRST, AND
INCREASED MORTALITY.
• CAUSES- A FUNGAL INFECTION CAUSED BY THE ASPERGILLUS SPECIES TRANSMITTED
THROUGH CONTAMINATED FEED OR LITTER.
• PREVENTION- PROPER VENTILATION, TEMPERATURE, AND HUMIDITY CONTROL, AS
WELL AS REGULAR CLEANING AND DISINFECTION OF ENVIRONMENT, FEED AND
WATER SOURCES.
• CONTROL- TREATMENT WITH ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS AND SUPPORTIVE CARE.
6. FOWL CHOLERA
• SYMPTOMS- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, SWOLLEN JOINTS, AND INCREASED MORTALITY.
• CAUSES- A BACTERIAL INFECTION IS TRANSMITTED THROUGH CONTACT WITH
INFECTED BIRDS, FECES, OR CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR FEED.
• PREVENTION- BIOSECURITY MEASURES SUCH AS STRICT CONTROL OF MOVEMENTS
IN AND OUT OF THE FARM, DISINFECTION OF THE PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT, AND
VACCINATION.
• CONTROL- TREATMENT WITH ANTIBIOTICS AND SUPPORTIVE CARE.
7. AVIAN INFLUENZA
• SYMPTOMS- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, DECREASED EGG PRODUCTION, AND INCREASED
MORTALITY
• CAUSES- A VIRAL INFECTION TRANSMITTED THROUGH CONTACT WITH INFECTED
BIRDS, FECES OR CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR FEED.
• PREVENTION- BIOSECURITY MEASURES SUCH AS STRICT CONTROL OF MOVEMENTS IN
AND OUT OF THE FARM, DISINFECTION OF THE PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT AND
VACCINATION.
• CONTROL- ISOLATION TREATMENT WITH SUPPORTIVE CARE AND ANTIVIRAL DRUGS.
8. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
• SYMPTOMS- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, DECREASED EGG PRODUCTION, AND
DECREASED HATCHABILITY EGG.
• CAUSES- A VIRAL INFECTION TRANSMITTED THROUGH AIR, BONE DROPLETS,
CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT OR FEED, OR CONTACT WITH INFECTED BIRDS.
• PREVENTION- BIOSECURITY MEASURES, STRICT CONTROL OF MOVEMENTS IN AND
OUT OF THE FARM, DISINFECTION OF PREMISES, EQUIPMENT AND VACCINATION
• CONTROL- ISOLATION TREATMENT WITH SUPPORTIVE CARE AND ANTIVIRAL DRUGS.
9. RESPIRATORY DISEASE
• SYMPTOMS- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS, DECREASED EGG PRODUCTION, AND INCREASED
MORTALITY.
• CAUSES- A VIRAL INFECTION TRANSMITTED THROUGH DIRECT CONTACT WITH
INFECTED BIRDS.
• PREVENTION- BIOSECURITY MEASURES SUCH AS STRICT CONTORL OF MOVEMENTS IN
AND OUT OF THE FARM, DISINFECTION OF THE PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT, AND
VACCINATION.
• CONTROL- ISOLATION TREATMENT WITH SUPPORTIVE CARE AND ANTIVIRAL DRUGS.
10. COCCIDIOSIS
• SYMPTOMS- DIARRHEA, LOSS OF APPETITE, REDUCED GROWTH RATE, AND
INCREASED MORTALITY.
• CAUSES- A PARASITIC INFECTION CAUSED BY THE PROTOZOAN COCCIDIA, WHICH IS
TRASMITTED THROUGH CONTAMINATED FOOD, WATER AND SOIL.
• PREVENTION- PROPER SANITATION, HYGIENE, AND DIINFECTION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT, FEED AND WWATER SOURCES, USED OF COCCIDIOSTATS IN FEED OR
WATER.
• CONTROL- TREATMENT WITH ANTI-COCCIDIAL DRUGS OR VACCINATION.
11. ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS
• SYMPTOMS- DECREASED OF EGG PRODUCTION, AND INCREASE IN MORTALITY RATES.
• CAUSES- A BACTERIAL INFECTION.
• PREVENTION- MAINTAINING CLEAN BEDDING AND PROVIDING A STRESS-FREE
ENVIRONMENT, CAN AID HEALING.
• CONTROL- TEARTED WITH ANTIBIOTICS SUCH AS PENICILLIN OR AMOXICILLIN.
RECORD KEEPING

 QUAIL EGG PRODUCTION

• DATE
• COLLECTED
• BAD EGGS
• EGG COLOR
• NOTES
 MONTHLY EGG PRODUCTION
METHODS
• MONTH AND YEAR
• MOTHLY FEES AND EXPENSES
• MONTHLY EGG INCOME
• DATE
• EGG COLLECTED (BAD EGGS AND
GOOD EGGS)
• SOLD EGGS
• SAVE EGGS
• NOTES
IMPORTANCE OF RECORD KEEPING

 THE HISTORY OF THE RECORDS WILL PROVIDE A POULTRY FARMER WITH A CLEAR
PICTURE OF ALL MISTAKES MADE IN THE PAST AND TO BE AVOIDED IN FUTURE.
PRODUCTIVITY OF BIRDS-RECORDS SHOULD BE KEPT ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF
BIRDS (EGGS, REPRODUCTION, POUNDS OF MEAT) TO BE USED WHEN THE FLOCK
MUCT BE CULLED.
GLOSSARY AND TERMINOLOGIES