22nd Nov.

, 2023

Water and
Wastewater
Engineering
Water resources and quality

Dr. Olusegun K. Abass

abass.olusegun@lmu.edu.ng

CVE 410 Course hours – 25

Course credit - 2 Assignment, tutorial and class quiz hour -10
 Ground rules

Rest room visit – Do the needful… However, don’t allow the toilet to be your friend during lecture period.

Avoid side talks – especially during lectures. There will be time for interaction

Clarification is allowed – perhaps you are not clear on a subject, feel free to ask.

Missing the bus – generally it’s a bad idea for you to miss BUS CVE 410. If you do, you miss out some goodies

Late birds – coming late is essentially discouraged for this course because you might miss some good stuffs

Consultation Hours - Tues (12noon –2pm); Thurs (1pm –3pm).

Grading Guide

1. Assignment/Homework – 7.5%
2. Class attendance (full participation) –
7.5%
3. Class presentation (1 & 2) – 10 %
4. Class Quiz – 15%
5. Final Exam – 60%
Course Content

1. Water/Wastewater Quality Parameter & Calculations

1.6 Theoretical COD, Theoretical Oxygen

Demand (ThOD) & Total Organic Carbon

1.7 Surface water quality and standards

Water and Wastewater Engineering

1.8 Drinking water quality and standards

1.9 Wastewater Quality Standard

2.0 Groundwater Quality

1.6 Theoretical COD, Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) & Total Organic Carbon

Question 1: if a water sample contains 500 Wppm (Weight Parts per Million) of phenol,
assuming complete oxidization of the phenol compound, what will be the COD of the water
sample in Wppm.
C6H5OH + 7O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O
COD = (500/94)·7·32 = 1191 Wppm

ThOD is the calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a compound to its final
oxidation products.
Total organic carbon (TOC) is the measure of the concentration of organic carbon in a
substance and is considered to be the best indicator of contamination, or purity, of a
substance.

Assignment
Calculate the ThOD and TOC in question 1 above.
1.8 Drinking water quality
The relationship between water quality and health effects has been studied for water quality
characteristics. An examination of water quality is basically a determination of the organisms,
the mineral and organic compounds contained in the water.

The basic requirements for drinking water are that it should be:

o Free from pathogenic (disease causing) organisms

o Containing no compounds that have an adverse effects, acute or in the long term, on human
health.
o Fairly clear (i.e. low turbidity, little colour)
o Not saline (salty)
o Containing no compounds that cause an offensive taste or smell.
o Not causing corrosion or encrustation of the water supply system, nor staining clothes
washed in it.
1.8 Drinking Quality Criteria (Microorganisms)
Potential Health Effects from
Contaminant MCLG1 (mg/L)2 MCL or TT1 (mg/L)2 Long-Term Exposure Above the Sources of Contaminant in
MCL (unless specified as short- Drinking Water
term)

Cryptosporidium zero TT3 Gastrointestinal illness (such as Human and animal fecal waste
diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps)

Giardia lamblia zero TT3 Gastrointestinal illness (such as Human and animal fecal waste
diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps)

HPC has no health effects; it is

an analytic method used to
measure the variety of bacteria HPC measures a range of
Heterotrophic plate count n/a TT3 that are common in water. The bacteria that are naturally
(HPC) lower the concentration of present in the environment
bacteria in drinking water, the
better maintained the water
system is.

Legionella zero TT3 Legionnaire's Disease, a type of Found naturally in water;

pneumonia multiplies in heating systems

Total Coliforms (including fecal Not a health threat in itself; it is Coliforms are naturally present
coliform and E. Coli) used to indicate whether other in the environment; as well as
zero 5.0%4 feces; fecal coliforms and E. coli
•Quick reference guide potentially harmful bacteria may only come from human and
•Rule Summary be present5 animal fecal waste.

Turbidity is a measure of the

cloudiness of water. It is used to
indicate water quality and
filtration effectiveness (such as
whether disease-causing
organisms are present). Higher
Turbidity n/a TT3 turbidity levels are often
associated with higher levels of Soil runoff
disease-causing microorganisms
such as viruses, parasites and
some bacteria. These organisms
can cause symptoms such as
nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and
associated headaches.

Viruses (enteric) zero TT3 Gastrointestinal illness (such as Human and animal fecal waste
diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps)
1.8 Drinking Quality Criteria (Disinfection Byproducts)
Potential Health Effects from
MCL or TT 1
Long-Term Exposure Above the Sources of
Contaminant MCLG1 (mg/L)2 (mg/L)2 MCL (unless specified as short- Contaminant in
term) Drinking Water

Byproduct of
Bromate zero 0.010 Increased risk of cancer drinking water
disinfection

Byproduct of
Chlorite 0.8 1.0 Anemia; infants and young drinking water
children: nervous system effects disinfection

Haloacetic Byproduct of
acids (HAA5) n/a 0.060 Increased risk of cancer drinking water
disinfection

Total Liver, kidney or central nervous Byproduct of

Trihalomethan > n/a > 0.080 system problems; increased risk drinking water
es (TTHMs) of cancer disinfection

MCLG – Maximum Contamination Limit Goal. MCL - Maximum Contamination Limit

Source: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations#three
1.8 Drinking Quality Criteria (Disinfectants)
Potential Health Effects
MCLG1 MCL or TT1 from Long-Term Sources of
Contaminant (mg/L)2 (mg/L)2 Exposure Above the MCL Contaminant in
(unless specified as Drinking Water
short-term)

Chloramines (as Eye/nose irritation; Water additive

Cl MRDLG=4 1
MRDL=4.0 1
stomach discomfort, used to control
2)
anemia microbes

Eye/nose irritation; Water additive

Chlorine (as Cl2) MRDLG=4 1
MRDL=4.0 1
used to control
stomach discomfort microbes

Chlorine dioxide Anemia; infants and Water additive

(as ClO2) MRDLG=0.8 1
MRDL=0.8 1
young children: nervous used to control
system effects microbes

MCLG – Maximum Contamination Limit Goal. MCL - Maximum Contamination Limit

Source: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations#three
1.8 Drinking Quality Criteria (Inorganic Chemicals)
MCLG1 MCL or TT1 Potential Health Effects from Long-Term Exposure Sources of Contaminant in Drinking
Contaminant
(mg/L)2 (mg/L)2 Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term) Water

Increase in blood cholesterol; decrease in blood Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire
Antimony 0.006 0.006 sugar retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder

Arsenic Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from

0.010 as of Skin damage or problems with circulatory systems,
•Quick reference gui 0 01/23/06 and may have increased risk of getting cancer
orchards, runoff from glass and
de electronics production wastes
•Consumer fact sheet
7 million
Asbestos (fiber > 10 Increased risk of developing benign intestinal Decay of asbestos cement in water
fibers per 7 MFL
micrometers) polyps mains; erosion of natural deposits
liter (MFL)

Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge

Barium 2 2 Increase in blood pressure from metal refineries; erosion of natural
deposits

Discharge from metal refineries and coal-

Beryllium 0.004 0.004 Intestinal lesions burning factories; discharge from
electrical, aerospace, and defense
industries

Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of

natural deposits; discharge from metal
Cadmium 0.005 0.005 Kidney damage
refineries; runoff from waste batteries
and paints

Discharge from steel and pulp mills;

Chromium (total) 0.1 0.1 Allergic dermatitis
erosion of natural deposits

MCLG – Maximum Contamination Limit Goal. MCL - Maximum Contamination Limit

Source: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations#three
1.8 Drinking Quality Criteria (Inorganic Chemicals)
Potential Health Effects from Long-Term
MCLG1 MCL or TT1 Sources of Contaminant
Contaminant Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as
(mg/L)2 (mg/L)2 in Drinking Water
short-term)

Short term exposure: Gastrointestinal distress

Long term exposure: Liver or kidney damage Corrosion of household
TT7; Action
Copper 1.3 People with Wilson's Disease should consult plumbing systems; erosion
Level=1.3
their personal doctor if the amount of copper in of natural deposits
their water exceeds the action level

Discharge from steel/metal

factories; discharge from
Cyanide (as free cyanide) 0.2 0.2 Nerve damage or thyroid problems
plastic and fertilizer
factories

Water additive which

promotes strong teeth;
Bone disease (pain and tenderness of the erosion of natural
Fluoride 4.0 4.0
bones); Children may get mottled teeth deposits; discharge from
fertilizer and aluminum
factories

Infants and children: Delays in physical or mental

Lead Corrosion of household
TT7; Action development; children could show slight deficits
•Quick reference guide zero
Level=0.015 in attention span and learning abilities
plumbing systems; erosion
•Rule information Adults: Kidney problems; high blood pressure
of natural deposits

Erosion of natural
deposits; discharge from
Mercury (inorganic) 0.002 0.002 Kidney damage refineries and factories;
runoff from landfills and
croplands
MCLG – Maximum Contamination Limit Goal. MCL - Maximum Contamination Limit
Source: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations#three
 1.8 Drinking Quality Criteria (Inorganic Chemicals)

MCL or TT1 Potential Health Effects from Long-Term Sources of Contaminant in

Contaminant MCLG1 (mg/L)2 Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified
(mg/L)2 Drinking Water
as short-term)

Infants below the age of six months who

drink water containing nitrate in excess Runoff from fertilizer use;
Nitrate (measured as of the MCL could become seriously ill leaking from septic tanks,
10 10
Nitrogen) and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms sewage; erosion of natural
include shortness of breath and blue- deposits
baby syndrome.

Infants below the age of six months who

drink water containing nitrite in excess of
Nitrite (measured as the MCL could become seriously ill and, if
1 1
Nitrogen) untreated, may die. Symptoms include
shortness of breath and blue-baby
syndrome.
Runoff from fertilizer use;
leaking from septic tanks,
sewage; erosion of natural
deposits

Discharge from petroleum

Hair or fingernail loss; numbness in refineries; erosion of
Selenium 0.05 0.05
fingers or toes; circulatory problems natural deposits; discharge
from mines

Leaching from ore-

Hair loss; changes in blood; kidney, processing sites; discharge
Thallium 0.0005 0.002
intestine, or liver problems from electronics, glass,
and drug factories

MCLG – Maximum Contamination Limit Goal. MCL - Maximum Contamination Limit

Source: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations#three
1.8 Drinking Quality Criteria (Inorganic Chemicals)
Potential Health Effects from Long-
MCL or TT1 Sources of Contaminant in
Contaminant MCLG1 (mg/L)2 Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless
(mg/L)2 Drinking Water
specified as short-term)

Nervous system or blood problems; Added to water during

Acrylamide zero TT8
increased risk of cancer sewage/wastewater treatment

Eye, liver, kidney or spleen problems; Runoff from herbicide used on

Alachlor zero 0.002
anemia; increased risk of cancer row crops

Cardiovascular system or reproductive Runoff from herbicide used on

Atrazine 0.003 0.003
problems row crops

Discharge from factories;

Anemia; decrease in blood platelets;
Benzene zero 0.005 leaching from gas storage tanks
increased risk of cancer
and landfills
Leaching from linings of water
Reproductive difficulties; increased risk
Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs) zero 0.0002 storage tanks and distribution
of cancer
lines

Problems with blood, nervous system, Leaching of soil fumigant used

Carbofuran 0.04 0.04
or reproductive system on rice and alfalfa

Discharge from chemical plants

Carbon tetrachloride zero 0.005 Liver problems; increased risk of cancer
and other industrial activities

Liver or nervous system problems;

Chlordane zero 0.002 Residue of banned termiticide
increased risk of cancer

Discharge from chemical and

Chlorobenzene 0.1 0.1 Liver or kidney problems
agricultural chemical factories
MCLG – Maximum Contamination Limit Goal. MCL - Maximum Contamination Limit
Source: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations#three
1.8 Drinking Quality Criteria (Inorganic Chemicals)
Table of Secondary Standards
Contaminant Secondary MCL Noticeable Effects above the Secondary MCL

Aluminum 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L* colored water

Chloride 250 mg/L salty taste

Color 15 color units visible tint

Copper 1.0 mg/L metallic taste; blue-green staining

Corrosivity Non-corrosive metallic taste; corroded pipes/ fixtures staining

Fluoride 2.0 mg/L tooth discoloration

Foaming agents 0.5 mg/L frothy, cloudy; bitter taste; odor
Iron 0.3 mg/L rusty color; sediment; metallic taste; reddish or orange staining
Manganese 0.05 mg/L black to brown color; black staining; bitter metallic taste

3 TON (threshold odor

Odor "rotten-egg", musty or chemical smell
number)

low pH: bitter metallic taste; corrosion

pH 6.5 - 8.5
high pH: slippery feel; soda taste; deposits
Silver 0.1 mg/L skin discoloration; graying of the white part of the eye
Sulfate 250 mg/L salty taste
Total Dissolved
500 mg/L hardness; deposits; colored water; staining; salty taste
Solids (TDS)
Zinc 5 mg/L metallic taste
1.8 Wastewater Quality Standards

Parameters BOD COD SS NH3-N TN TP

Standard: Class 1A 10 50 10 5 (8*) 15 0.5 (1**)

Standard: Class 1B 20 60 20 8 (15*) 20 1 (1.5**)

Standard: Class 2 30 100 30 25 (30*) – 3

Standard: Class 3 60 120 50 – – 5

* indicates the standard limits when temperature is less than 12 °C; ** indicates the standard limits for
municipal WWTPs constructed before Dec 31, 2005.
1.8 Wastewater Quality Standards

The standard specifies four categories of water quality requirements with an emphasis on

Class 1A and Class 1B levels. Wastewater effluent meeting Class 1A level can be reused or

discharged to a recreational or scenic water body that has less diluting capacity. Class 1B

should be conducted for effluent directly discharging to level III functional surface waters

and level II seawaters.

1.9 Groundwater Quality

Groundwater quality is important for many reasons, most notably because of

1. The consequences of contaminated groundwater for human health, agriculture, and the
economy – and

2. The resulting restrictions that are then placed on the capacity of the resource to support
climate change adaptation.

The chemical and microbiological quality of groundwater is central to its utility, yet the resource
remains vulnerable to contamination from both natural processes and human activities

Detecting and managing groundwater contaminants requires a different approach than that of
surface water. Pollution in surface waters is often easily detectable and can occur quickly and
aggressively, but it is largely reversible once the contaminant source is removed.

Groundwater pollution has almost opposite characteristics, it tends to happen slowly, but with
no less serious consequences; and once the quality is damaged, it takes far longer to recover.
Polluted groundwater can remain trapped in aquifers long after the contaminating activity has
ceased.
1.9 Groundwater Quality

Source: World Bank

1.9 Groundwater Quality

Most groundwater is naturally of good quality, but contamination poses increasing threats in
urban and rural areas worldwide.

Natural contaminants range from relatively benign elements, such as iron, to life-threatening
substances, such as arsenic and fluoride, which are more widespread than previously believed.

Anthropogenic, or human-generated, contaminants are extremely diverse and can have mild to
extreme effects on human health and the environment.

Examples include fertilizers, pesticides, industrial and mining wastes, and petroleum.

During the twentieth century, the use of petroleum products has become so widespread that
shallow groundwater in every populated region of the Earth should be considered at risk of
pollution.
1.9 Groundwater Quality

Source: ResearchGate
1.9 Groundwater Quality

Source: UNICEF and WHO 2018

1.9 Groundwater Quality

Source: EAWAG 2015

1.5 Groundwater Quality

Source: ResearchGate