AREAS/LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

Exposed to Natural Hazards

Areas/Locations Exposed to:
Coastal areas Storm surge, tsunami or tidal waves

Reclaimed Areas Flooding, sinkhole

Near fault lines Earthquake
On foot of denuded mountains Mudslide/Landslide
Near volcanoes (danger zones) Volcanic eruption – pyroclastic materials,
lahar flow, lava flow and ash fall

Riverbanks and esteros Flooding, flash floods

Open fields Thunderstorm, hailstorm, blizzard
COASTAL AREAS
RECLAIMED AREAS
Near Volcanoes
ESTEROS
HAILSTORM
BLIZZARD
Exposed to Man-made Hazards
Areas/Locations
Near Oil Depots
Near Mining Projects
Near Chemical Plants
Near Nuclear Plants
Near Factories
Unsafe building structures
Public Places in Mega Cities
Exposed to:
Oil spill, pollution
Toxic waste- heavy metal, lead, mercury,
nitric acid, Etc.
Chemical fumes, chemical waste
Nuclear waste, possible technical failure,
leaks, or worse accidental explosion
Factory waste, pollution
Fire
Terrorism
DISASTER FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
A disaster is a result of a vast ecological breakdown
in the relation between humans and their
environment; a serious or sudden event on such a
scale that the stricken community needs
extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with
outside help or international aid.
PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE

From this view, disaster is

defined as a phenomenon that can
cause damage to physical elements
such as buildings, infrastructures,
including people and their
properties.
How many families are affected?
(displacement, injury, death)
How many houses are damaged or
washed out? (in case of an earthquake)
How many roads, bridges, dams and
other infrastructures are damaged?(in
case of floods, lahar flows and
earthquakes)
What is the extent of damage in
agricultural industry? (crop losses,
damaged fish cages, washed out rice
fields, etc.)
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

 In psychological context a disaster is

regarded as an occurrence involving an
unexpected or uncontrollable event
rather than a long-term experience.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Victims of disasters may suffer from

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
and other serious mental health
conditions, which are not being given
much attention to by the authorities or
even by the victims, themselves.
 Psychological Effects of a disaster are
the following:
Emotional effects : Shock, terror, irritability,
blame, anger, guilt, grief or sadness, numbing,
helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from
familiar activities, difficulty feeling happy,
difficulty feeling loved.
Cognitive effects : Impaired concentration,
impaired decision-making ability, memory
impairment, disbelief, confusion, nightmares,
decreased self-esteem, decreased self-efficacy,
self-blame, intrusive thoughts, memories,
dissociation
 Psychological Effects of a disaster are
the following:
Physical effects : Fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia,
cardiovascular strain, startle response, hyper
arousal, increased physical pain, reduced
immune response, headaches, gastrointestinal
upset, decreased appetite, decreased libido,
vulnerability to illness
Interpersonal effects : Increased relational
conflict, social withdrawal, reduced relational
intimacy, alienation, impaired work
performance, decreased satisfaction, distrust and
externalization of blame
SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
 A disaster is analyzed based on how
people respond having as parameter
their social conditions and cultural
settings
Socio-Cultural Effect of Disasters
• change in individual roles
• disruption of social relationships and
personal connections
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE

 A natural disaster can be defined as a

natural event that causes a
perturbation to the functioning of the
economic system, with a significant
negative impact on assets, production
factors, output, employment and
consumption.
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
Direct Economic Cost – the value of what
has been damaged or destroyed by the
disaster.

Indirect losses- example of it is when a

head of family losses a job due to
isolation or the workplace itself is
affected.
POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Include government structure,
diplomatic issues
Natural disasters are commonly thought
to be less politically argumentative than
armed conflicts. Yet, a closer look
reveals that politics are deeply wedded
to both the impact of a natural disaster
and the subsequent delivery of
humanitarian assistance.
POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
Government interventions should be
present in the following phases of
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management:
1. Prevention
2. Mitigation
3. Preparedness
4. Recovery
ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE
Disasters are not random and do not
occur by accident. Disasters not only
reveal underlying social, economic,
political and environmental problems,
but unfortunately contribute to
worsening them.
Environmental degradation is both a
driver and consequence of disasters,
reducing the capacity of the
environment to meet social and
ecological needs.
GROUP ACTIVITY:
Directions: Study the case below then
answer the given question.

Case: Tajima is an earthquake victim.

She manages to save all his family
members from the wraths of the
disaster. Though she is mentally tough,
all her resources are already gone.
Question: If you were to rank the following
needs of Tajima from the most important to
the least important, how would you arrange
the following needs? Justify your answer.
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