Areas /Locations Exposed to Hazards

Exposed to Natural Hazards

AREAS/LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO:

Coastal areas Storm surge, tsunami or tidal waves

Reclaimed areas Flooding, sinkhole

Near fault lines Earthquake

On foot of denuded mountains Mudslide/landslide

Near volcanoes(danger zones) Volcanic eruption- pyroclastic materials,

lahar flow, lava flow and ash fall

River banks Flooding, flashfloods

Open fields Thunderstorms, hailstorm, blizzard

Exposed to Man-Made Hazards
AREAS/LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO:

Near Oil Deposits Oil spills, pollution

Near mining projects Toxic waste-heavy metal, lead, mercury,

nitric acid, etc.
Near chemical plants chemical fumes, chemical wastes

Near nuclear plants Nuclear waste, possible technical failure,

leaks, or worse accidental explosion
Near factories Factory waste, pollution

Unsafe building structures Fire

Public places in mega cities Terrorism

Public advisory from Mam jen

Mag-ingat po tayo sa pagbili ng low-

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season. May mga tao po kasing
nagbibigay ng liwanag sa buhay natin
tapos bigla ding nawawala 
DISASTER FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE

From this view of disaster is defined as a

phenomenon that can case damage to physical
elements such as buildings, infrastructures,
including people and their properties e.g. houses
and environmental sources of living.
Assessment of disaster is focused on the following common
questions:
1. How many families are affected? (Displacement, injury,
death )
2. How many houses are damaged or washed out? ( in case of
super typhoons)
3. How many buildings collapsed or are damaged? (in case of
an earthquake)
4. How many roads, bridges, dams and other infrastructures
are damaged? (in case of floods, lahar flows, and
earthquake)
5. What is the extent of damage in agricultural industry?
(crop losses, damaged fish cages, washed out rice fields,
etc. )
Psychological Perspective

 Inpsychological context a disaster is

regarded as an occurrence involving an
unexpected or uncontrollable event rather
than a long-term experience.
Other psychological effects of a disaster
are the following:

1. emotional effects
 Shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger,
guilt, grief, or sadness, numbling,
helplessness, loss of pleasure, derived from
familiar activities, difficulty feeling happy,
difficulty feeling loved.
Cognitive Effects

Cognitive effects
 Impaired concentration, impaired decision-
making ability, memory impairment, disbelief,
confusion, nightmares, decreased self-esteem,
decreased self efficacy, self blame, intrusive
thoughts, memories, dissociation, (e.g. tunnel
vision, dreamlike or ‘spacey ‘ feeling.)
Physical Effects

 Fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, cardiovascular

strain, startle response, hyper arousal, increased
physical pain, reduced immune response,
headaches, gastrointestinal upset, decreased
appetite, decreased libido, vulnerability to
illness.
Interpersonal Effects

Increased relational conflict, social

withdrawal, reduced relational
intimacy, alienation, impaired work
performance, decreased satisfaction,
distrust, externalization of
vulnerability, feeling abandoned.
Socio-cultural Perspective

 A disaster is analyzed based on how people respond

having as para-meter their social conditions and
cultural settings.

 These two factors are important determinants of

the degree of risks, resilience and vulnerability of
those affected. That is why some ethnic groups can
easily cope with disasters compared to other groups.
Economic Perspective
 From an economic perspective, a natural disaster can be
defined as a natural event that causes a perturbation to
the functioning of the economic system, with a significant
negative impact on assets, productions factors, output,
employment, and consumption.
 One salient component of assessing the impact of disaster
impact from this view is defining direct economic cost
and indirect losses.

 Direct economic cost is the value of what has been

damaged or destroyed by the disaster.
Political perspective
 Government interventions, should be present in following
phases of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
1. Prevention
2. Mitigation
3. Preparedness
4. Recovery
5. Failure to do so adversely to cope with and recover from
the impacts of disaster.
Environmental perspective
 Disasters are not random and do not occur by
accident.
 They are the convergence of hazards and
vulnerable conditions.
 Few development organizations adopt a
precautionary approach in the design and
management of projects and fewer still recognize
the role of environmental management in
reducing disaster risk.
Activity # 3

Read an account of Super Typhoon Yolanda that struck Samar and Leyte in 2013. Analyze its impacts
from the different perspectives enumerated below:

a. Physical perspective
b. Psychological perspective
c. Socio- cultural perspective
d. Economic perspective
e. Political perspective
f. Environmental perspective