University of Oum El Bouaghi

Department of architecture

History of Architecture in Algeria 1 (19th and 20th Centuries).

Course 4: Military and Fortified Architecture

Doctor NAIDJA Amina

2023/2024
Introduction
Algeria's military and fortified architecture is a living testament to the country's rich and complex history, bearing
witness to the struggles, conquests, and cultural exchanges that have shaped this North African nation. Stretching from
the Mediterranean shores to the vast Sahara Desert, Algeria's geography has always been a pivotal factor in its history,
and its architectural heritage reflects the historical, strategic, and cultural significance of the region.

1-Historical context and geographic significance of military and fortified architecture in Algeria
1-1-Historical Context:
Military and fortified architecture in Algeria is deeply rooted in the country's complex and diverse history. The historical
context of Algeria's military and fortified structures reflects the region's strategic importance and the ever-changing tides
of civilization that have swept through the area.
Ancient Berber Fortresses: The history of fortified
architecture in Algeria begins with the Berber tribes
who established fortifications for protection and
control of their territories. These structures date back
to ancient times, and many are still visible today. They
played a crucial role in resisting various external
influences, including Roman conquest.

The walls of the ksar of El Meina, ancient El Golea. Algeria, 9th-

10th century.
Roman Garrisons: During the Roman Empire, Algeria,
then known as Numidia and later as part of the province
of Africa, was dotted with Roman military garrisons and
defensive structures. These fortifications served both
defensive and administrative purposes.
Lambaesis Roman Garrison, Batna, Algeria.

Islamic Period: With the Arab-Islamic

expansion in the 7th century, Algeria saw the
construction of Islamic fortifications. The
Muslim dynasties that ruled Algeria introduced
their own styles of military architecture,
contributing to the rich heritage of the country's
defensive structures.
Ghardaïa, Algeria
https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Languages
Ottoman Coastal Defenses: The Ottoman
Empire established control over parts of
Algeria, particularly along the coast. Ottoman
rule introduced a new era of military
architecture, characterized by coastal forts and
defensive walls to protect against European
naval powers.

Turkey restores symbolic mosque in Algeria

Colonial Period: Perhaps the most significant

transformation of Algeria's fortified architecture
occurred during the French colonial period,
which began in 1830. The French built a
network of forts and military installations, such
as the "Marechal" line, to secure their control
over the country.

https://www.thenewfederalist.eu/algeria-s-past-matters-
france-and-europe-must-acknowledge-colonialism
Independence and Modern Era: Algeria gained independence from France in 1962, and the legacy of
colonial-era fortifications continues to shape the country. Some have been repurposed for civilian use, while
others remain as historical landmarks.
Geographic Significance: The geographic significance of military and fortified architecture in Algeria is
closely tied to its position at the crossroads of the Mediterranean and North Africa. This strategic location has
made Algeria a focal point for various civilizations and empires throughout history:

Mediterranean Coast: Algeria's long Mediterranean coastline made it a natural target for maritime powers. It needed
coastal defenses to protect against invasions and to secure its ports.

Desert and Inland Regions: In addition to its coastal fortifications, Algeria's interior regions, particularly in the Saharan
desert, also saw the construction of fortified oases and towns. These were essential for controlling trade routes and
sustaining life in the harsh desert environment.

Trade Routes: Algeria's geographic location placed it at the crossroads of important trade routes, making it a lucrative
target for those seeking control over these economic arteries.

Border Regions: Algeria shares borders with multiple countries, and its fortified architecture extended to its border
regions to protect its territorial integrity.
The historical context and geographic significance of military and fortified
architecture in Algeria offer a multifaceted perspective on the country's
history and its role in the larger context of the Mediterranean and North
Africa. These structures reflect the enduring impact of various
civilizations and empires on Algeria's architectural and cultural heritage.
 Study of military and fortified structures in Algeria
The study of military and fortified structures in Algeria offers a glimpse into the rich history and cultural heritage of the
region. Algeria's vast and varied landscapes, from the Mediterranean coast to the Saharan desert, have witnessed the
construction of a wide range of defensive and military architecture. In this brief overview, we'll focus on two prominent
regions in Algeria: Adrar and Bechar.

Adrar:
Historical Significance: Adrar is a region in central Algeria known for its historical importance, both as a trading hub
and as a strategic center for various North African dynasties. The presence of numerous fortified structures in the region
attests to its significance throughout history.

Architectural Features: Notable architectural features include mudbrick construction, narrow winding streets, and the
integration of these structures into the landscape. Ksour and qalas often featured high defensive walls, communal
granaries, and fortified towers.
Bechar:

Historical Role: Bechar, located in southwestern Algeria, has historically been a

crossroads for trade and a gateway to the Sahara. The region's strategic importance led to
the establishment of several military and fortified structures.

French Colonial Legacy: During the French colonial period, Bechar witnessed the
construction of French military forts and strongholds. The purpose of these structures was
to secure control over the region and to serve as outposts for the French Foreign Legion.

Architectural Diversity: Bechar's architectural landscape is marked by the coexistence of

traditional North African and French colonial styles. The military forts from the colonial
era stand in stark contrast to the older, more traditional structures.

Cultural Heritage: Both Adrar and Bechar are home to historical sites that offer insight
into the region's history and the impact of various civilizations. These sites are not only
valuable from a historical perspective but also contribute to Algeria's cultural heritage.
The study of military and fortified structures in Algeria, including
those in Adrar and Bechar, allows researchers and enthusiasts to
explore the interplay of history, culture, and architecture. These
structures are not only physical remnants of the past but also
windows into the strategic importance of the region and the
cultural exchanges that have taken place over centuries.