Respiratory System

Click to add text

By: Chielo Therese E Dungo, PTRP
Topic Outline
• Functions
• Divisions
• Basic Anatomy
• Clinical Correlation
Functions
• Maintains Homeostasis
• Maintains level of O2, CO2, pH levels
• Gas Transport and exchange
• Control of Breathing
Divisions
• Upper Respiratory System/Tract
• Nose
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Lower Respiratory System/Tract
• Larynx
• Trachea - Conducting Zone
• Bronchi - Respiratory Zone
• Lungs
Nose
- External Nose
Made up of
cartilaginous
structure to form the
framework of the
nose

- Internal Nose
That functions for
moistening,
filtration, modifying
speech vibration
Paranasal sinuses

Provides lubrication
inside the nose by
secreting mucus
Pharynx
• Throat
• Funnel-shaped tube
• 13 cm (5 inches long)
• From internal nares to cricoid cartilage
• 3 parts
• Nasopharynx – extends to the soft palate ; posterior wall - tonsils
• Oropharynx – soft palate to the hyoid bone (inferior)
• Common passageway for food and drink
• Laryngopharynx – level of hyoid bone to the esophagus to larynx
• Pharynx- Respiration and Digestive system
• Naso- Air
• Oro- food and air
• Laryngo- air
Lower Respiratory System
• Conducting: only transports air
• NO gas exchange
• Trachea to Terminal Bronchioles

• Respiratory unit- Diffusion of gas occurs

• True Gas exchange
• respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac and alveoli
Larynx
• Voice box
• C4- C6 level
• 9 pieces of cartilages
• 3 singles ( Thyroid, Epiglottis, Cricoid)
• 3 paired ( Arytenoid, Cuneiform and Corniculate)
• Thyroid – Adam's Apple
• During ingestion and swallowing of food or drink, the larynx and
pharynx usually lowers down that leads to the opening of the
epiglottis, shortly after it opens, the larynx closes to let the food slide
down to the esophagus, and let the air in for respiration
Trachea
• Windpipe
• 12cm (5 inches long) 2.5 cm in diameter
• Bifurcate into L and R primary bronchus T4-T5 level

• Carina: - last tracheal ring

• most sensitive part of the respiratory system
Bronchi
Primary:
R: Shorter, more
vertical, wider
MC: aspiration=
ingestion or inhalation
of foreign material

L: smaller

Secondary: Lobar
bronchi
Tertiary- Segmental
bronchi
Bronchioles
• Terminal: no gas exchange
• Respiratory: Diffusion of gas
• Alveoli – functional unit
• 23 generations of the bronchi
• 1-16= conducting= no gas exchange
• 17-23- respiratory = gas exchange
Lungs
• Main organ of the Respiratory System
• 1 pair
• Pleural Membrane – covers each lung
• Parietal pleura – thoracic cavity
• Visceral pleura – lungs itself

• Pleural Cavity – reduces friction between membranes

• Cardiac notch is located at the L lung

• R lung is shorter than the L lung- to accommodate the Liver

• R- lung 2 fissures: Horizontal, Oblique

• L -1 fissure- Oblique

• R 3 lobes- Upper, middle and lower

• L 2 lobes- upper and lower

• R lung- 10 segments
• L- 8 segments
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation – Breathing
External Respiration – gas exchange – blood gains O2, loses CO2
Internal Respiration – gas exchange – gains CO2, loses O2
Clinical Correlations
Related Conditions
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Asthma
• Tuberculosis
• Pneumonia
Click to add text
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Definition Volume
Tidal Volume (TV) Amount of gas inhaled and 500mL
exhaled during normal
breathing
Inspiratory Reserve Volume Amount of gas that can be 3100mL
(IRV) inhaled beyond normal tidal
inhalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount of gas that can be 1200mL
(ERV) exhaled during normal tidal
exhalation
Residual Volume (RV) Amount of gas that remains 1200mL
inside the lungs after ERV

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Vital Capacity (VC)
Functional Residual Capacity
(FRC)
Total Lung Capacity
Definition
Maximal volume of air that can IRV + TV
be inhaled after normal tidal 3600 mL
inhalation
Maximum amount of air a IRV + TV + ERV
person can expel from the lungs 4800 mL
after maximal inhalation
Amount of air that resides in ERV + RV
lungs after normal tidal 2400 mL
exhalation
Total amount of air inside the IRV + TV + ERV + RV
lungs after maximum 6000 mL
inspiration/inhalation