Instruments

Principles Involved
Basic Instrument Flying
Control vs. Performance Instruments
Instrument Scanning
Unusual Attitudes
 Basic Instrument Flying
What is Instrument Flying?
Instrument flying is the process whereby the aircraft is
controlled and navigated in flight without any outside
visual references and solely by reference to the flight
instruments.
Basic instruments
 Basics of Primary
Instruments
Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
Indications
 Direct
 Airspeed

 Indirect
 Pitch Attitude

(Climb/Descent)
 Basics of Primary
Instruments
Attitude Indicator (AI) / Artificial Horizon
(AH)
Powered by the gyro-suction pump
Indications
Direct:
 PitchAttitude
 Bank Angle
 Basics of Primary
Instruments
Altimeter
Contains aneroid barometer measuring static pressure.
Indications:
 Direct
 Altitude

 Indirect
 PitchAttitude
(Climb/Descent) Kollsman window
 Basics of Primary
Instruments
The Turn Co-Ordinator
Driven by electrical gyroscope
Indications:
 Direct
 Direction of Turn
 Balance

 Rate of Turn (1)

Rate 1 Turn: A turn of 3 degrees per second

which equals to 180 degrees per minute
 Basics of Primary
Instruments
Direction Indicator (DI)
Vacuum-driven
Aligned with Magnetic Compass
Indications:
Direct
 Direction

(Magnetic Heading)
 Indirect
 Banking
 Basics of Primary
Instruments
The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
Instrument measures rate of change of static
pressure
Indications
 Direct:
 Rate of Climb or
Descent
 Indirect:
 Pitch Attitude

(Climb/Descent)
 Basics of Primary
Instruments
Tachometer
Throttle forward = increase in engine RPM on display
Indication
Direct:
 Engine RPM
 Basics of Primary
Instruments
Magnetic Compass
Indications
 Direct
 Directional Information

 Indirect
 Banking

 factors to consider when using the compass:

Errors:
 Turning Errors (ONUS)
 Acceleration Errors (SAND)
 Turbulence
 Climbing & Descending
 Power Changes
 Airspeed Adjustments
 Control vs. Performance
Instruments
Control Instruments
Attitude Indicator & Tachometer
 Throttle for Power
 Control Column for Attitude
 Control vs. Performance
Instruments
Performance Instruments
Display what is determined by the Power set and
Attitude selected: (POWER + Attitude = Performance)

Vertical Performance Horizontal Performance

Altimeter Direction Indicator
VSI, and Turn Coordinator &
ASI Balance Ball
Performance instruments

NOT THE AH
 Instrument Failure:
Vacuum
Which instruments may be used for the following?
 Pitch?
 Bank and Direction?

FAILED

FAILED
 Instrument Failure:
Pitot/Static
If a pitot/static failure were to be experienced, which
instruments would be affected?

FAILED FAILED

FAILED
 Instrument Failure:
Electric
Use the following guideline:
 AOB: TAS * 10% + 5 (MPH)
 AOB: TAS * 10% + 7 (KTS)

• Rate of Turn (1)

• Direction of Turn

FAILED
 Unusual Attitudes and
Recoveries
Points of Discussion
Recognising Unusual Attitudes
 Use top 3 instruments to identify!

Recoveries:
 High Nose Attitude
 Low Nose Attitude
 Spiral dive

PUSH, ROLL, THRUST, STABALIZE

Unusual Attitude: High Nose
Unusual Attitude: Low Nose/Spiral Dive