X-ray scattering Basics_1

Saikat Das
Source Detector

Sample
X-ray: sources
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
EM-wave from an accelerating charge EM-wave from an rotating charge

y
an P
r
ap
r x
a

−(ⅇ ) 𝑟
𝑬 (𝒓 , 𝑡 )= 𝒂𝒏 (𝑡 − )
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 𝑐
2
𝐶 𝑟 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑟 0 cos ( 𝜔 𝑡 ) −𝑟 0 sin (𝑤𝑡 )

𝒓×𝑬
Defines the polarization
𝑩 (𝒓 , 𝑡 )= of EM-wave
ⅆ
2 2
𝑐 𝑟 (𝑡)
𝒂 ( 𝒕 )= = −𝜔2¿ ¿
ⅆ𝑡 2

What matters is the orthogonal component

of acceleration
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
EM-wave from an accelerating charge Schematic of a modern Synchrotron

an P
ap
r
a

−(ⅇ ) 𝑟
𝑬 (𝒓 , 𝑡 )= 𝒂𝒏 (𝑡 − )
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 𝑐
2
𝐶

𝒓×𝑬
Defines the polarization
𝑩 (𝒓 , 𝑡 )= 2 of EM-wave
𝑐

What matters is the orthogonal component

of acceleration
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
Basic of relativity

𝛽𝑒

Typically,  = 104
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
Bending magnet

Sample Rest energy

Lorentz factor

Energy of electron

Radius of electron orbit

Lorentz force = centripetal force
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
Doppler effect Intuitive way to see doppler shift: compression of wavefron

1
Δ 𝑡 =Δ 𝑡 max = 2
; 𝛼=0
2𝛾
Δ 𝑡 max
Δ 𝑡= : 𝛼 =1 /𝛾
2
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
Characteristic photon energy (without proof)

3 3 3 3 𝑐
= 𝛾 𝜔 0= 𝛾 ħ 𝜔𝑐 [ keV ] =0.665 ℰ [ GeV ] B [ T
2
𝑒
2 2 𝜌

Radiated power from synchrotron (without proof)

𝒫 [ kW ] =1.266 ℰ 𝑒 [ GeV ] B [ T ] 𝐿 [ m ] 𝐼 [ A ]
2 2
: Length of circular arc
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
EM-wave from an accelerating charge EM-wave from an rotating charge: polarized beam

y
an P
r
ap
r x
a

−(ⅇ ) 𝑟
𝑬 (𝒓 , 𝑡 )= 𝒂𝒏 (𝑡 − )
4 𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 𝑐
2
𝐶 𝑟 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑟 0 cos ( 𝜔 𝑡 ) −𝑟 0 sin (𝑤𝑡 )

𝒓×𝑬
Defines the polarization
( )
ⅆ 2
𝑟 (𝑡) 2
𝑩 (𝒓 , 𝑡 )= of EM-wave 𝒂 𝒕 = = − 𝜔 ¿¿
𝑐
2
ⅆ 𝑡2

 Observer on z axis will see circular polarized EM

What matters is the orthogonal component
 Observer along x axis will see a linear polarized EM //y
of acceleration
 Observer along y axis will see a linear polarized EM //x
X-ray: Synchrotron source (Basics)
Reference
Thank you !!