HMEF5023

Educational
Leadership
Topic 4:
Leadership and Motivation

Dr. Md Rosli Haji Ismail

MOTIVATION THEORIES
 Behaviourial Theories

Theory X and Theory Y (Mc Gregor 1960)

Theory X
Why it is called theory X? What are the traits of theory X workers? What happens
if there are many theory X workers in an organisation? Can theory X workers be
trained as leaders?

Theory Y
Why is it called theory Y? What are the traits of theory Y workers? What happens if
there are many theory Y workers in organisation? Can theory Y worker be trained to
be leaders?

Sample of the Exam Question:

Mc Gregor (1960) developed Theory X and Theory Y - theories of work motivation and
management, where each theory represents different beliefs in which leaders view employees.

(a) Discuss FIVE (5) characteristics of Theory X workers. (b) Discuss FIVE (5) characteristics
of Theory Y workers.
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

Effort Performance Outcome

 Locke and Latham’s Goal-Setting Theory
Goals direct attention & effort
Directive toward relevant activities
function

Goals tend to increase the

effort of the staff
Locke &
Faced with a difficult task, it Goals affect Latham’s Energising
is possible to work faster and persistence Goal-Setting function
more intensely for a short Theory
period

Leading to arousal, discovery

and use of task-relevant Goals
affect
knowledge and strategies action
BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION AND
MOTIVATION
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

Behaviourism assumes that all learning occurs through interactions with the environment and that
environment shapes behaviour.
B.F Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
MANAGEMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL
CHANGE
Motivation & Student’s Orientation
Attribution Theory and Achievement
Thank You