EARTHING

By RAPHAEL KANG’ERI
EARTHING
 ABSTRACT
With today’s advances in electronics and
technology earthing has become an
essential part of everyday electricity and no
one can think of electrical installation
without earthing. For substation works
earthing is very critical and it can save
equipment from damage in case of fault, it
can also save lives and accidents on
operators.
OBJECTIVES OF AN EARTHING SYSTEM

Should stabilize circuit potential with respect to

ground and limit the overall potential rise
Should protect life and property of device from over
voltages
Should provide low impedance path to fault current
for reliable and prompt operation of protective devices
during ground fault
Should keep the maximum voltage gradient along the
surface inside and around the substation within the
safe limits during ground faults
EARTHING ON DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS
The ht and lv earthing must be separated. If possible
the lv earthing be done one span away for the
substation
The surge diverter should not be earthed together
with the ht earthing for h pole structure the ht
earthing can run on one side and the surge diverter
run on the other side
The lv earthing should be placed after ever 4th span
and on the terminal pole
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
CONNECTION
photos
IMPLEMENTATION
THE DOs
Proper connection (earth rod couple)
Proper material – copper cable
Proper trenching (approx. 2ft)
Striping the copper cable underground

THE DON’T
The use of water
Removing cable strands
EARTHING IN DIFFICULT SITUATION
The earthing resistance can be improved by any one or
more of the following methods.
1. Increase the area of the earth mat.
2. Provide deep earth electrodes.
3. Provide auxiliary earth mat in a nearby place where
the resistivity is low and Connect it to the main
earth mat.
4. Treating the earthmat and the electrode with
suitable chemicals or material (charcoal dust).
TREATING THE EARTH WITH SUITABLE CHEMICALS

We have many chemicals used to enhance earthing of

soil, these chemical should be of low resistance, non-
corrosive, carbon concrete that improves grounding
effectiveness. One product that has the above
characteristics is GEM (Ground Enhancement Material)
 GEM contains Portland cement, which hardens when
set, making it permanent, maintenance-free and it will
never leach or wash away. GEM improves grounding
effectiveness regardless of soil conditions. With this
characteristic on hardening we can use it to reduce on
vandals of copper see pictures below
EARTHING
EARTHING
MEASUREMENT
Measurement tool is an earth megger
Mode of measurement
1. 3 wire connection
2. 4 wire connection
Requirement
1. HV earth below 20 ohms
2. LV earth below 10 ohms
EARTH MEGGER – 3 Wire connection
 THANKS
QUESTIONS???