ROM MEMORY

WHAT IS ROM MEMORY?

• ROM (Read – Only Memory)
• Read-only memory is a type of non-
volatile memory used in computers and
other electronic devices. Data stored in
ROM cannot be electronically modified
after the manufacture of the memory
device.
ROM MEMORY (READ – ONLY MEMORY)
WHEN WAS ROM MEMORY INVENTED?

• Read-only memory was pioneered by

machines like Mauchly and Eckert's
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer or ENIAC in 1948, and then
incarnated in integrated circuits in the
1960s.
WHO INVENTED ROM MEMORY?

• In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon

Sze of Bell Labs proposed that the
floating gate of a MOS
semiconductor device could be used
for the cell of a reprogrammable
ROM.
DAWON KAHNG SIMON SZE
WHERE IS ROM MEMORY
FOUND?
• Read-only memory or ROM, stores
information that can only be read.
Modifying it is either impossible or
very difficult. ROM is also a type
of non-volatile storage, which means
that the information is maintained
even if the component loses power.
• In a typical computer system, ROM
is located on the motherboard,
shown in the right of the picture
HOW IS ROM MANUFACTURED?

• Integrated circuit ROMs are built from arrays

of diodes placed between signal wires
organized in rows and columns. The last
masking step of the wafer fabrication process
makes connection to the specific diodes
required to implement the customer's code.
CAN ROM BE CHANGED?

• ROM is memory that cannot be changed

by a program or user. ROM retains its
memory even after the computer is
turned off.
WHY IS ROM SLOWER THAN RAM?

• RAM is faster than ROM just because writing

data to a ROM chip is a slow process, whereas
writing data to a RAM chip is a faster process.
A RAM chip can store multiple gigabytes (GB)
of data, up to 16 GB or more per chip; A ROM
chip typically stores only several megabytes
(MB) of data, up to 4 MB or more per chip.
WHY IS ROM SO IMPORTANT?
• ROM is important because it serves as a
failsafe in instances where your computer's
operating system (OS) fails. When
manufacturers design and build computers,
they add a slimmed-down interface to the
ROM. Known as BIOS, it allows you to perform
basic commands, such as installing drivers as
well as installing OS.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROM MEMORY
• ROM IS SUSTAINED BY A SMALL, LONG-LIFE
BATTERY IN THE COMPUTER.

It contains two basic

components:

• The Decoder

• OR Logic Gates
ROMS ALSO HAVE A FIVE TYPES:

1. MROM (masked read only memory)

2. PROM (programmable read only memory)

3. EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory)

4. EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only

memory)

5. Flash Memory.
MROM (MASKED READ ONLY
MEMORY)
• Mask ROM (MROM) chips
contain a software mask that
is burned onto the chip
during the design phase of
the semiconductor
manufacturing process.
(PROM) PROGRAMMABLE
READ-ONLY MEMORY
• A programmable read-only memory
is a form of digital memory where
the contents can be changed once
after manufacture of the device.
The data is then permanent and
cannot be changed. It is one type
of read-only memory
(EPROM) ERASABLE
PROGRAMMABLE READ
ONLY MEMORY
• a type of
programmable read-only memory
(PROM) chip that retains its data
when its power supply is switched
off. Computer memory that can
retrieve stored data after a power
supply has been turned off and
back on is called non-volatile.
(EEPROM) ELECTRICALLY
ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE
READ ONLY MEMORY
• a type of non-volatile ROM that
enables individual bytes of data to
be erased and reprogrammed. That
is why EEPROM chips are known
as byte erasable chips. EEPROM is
usually used to store small
amounts of data in computing and
other electronic devices.
FLASH MEMORY
• an electronic non-volatile
computer memory
storage medium that can
be electrically erased
and reprogrammed.
STEP ON HOW TO
TROUBLESHOOT ABOUT ROM
MEMORY(READ-ONLY MEMORY)
FIX 1: TRY UPDATING OR REINSTALLING
DEVICE DRIVERS

• The first and foremost way to solve the

"Attempted to Write to Read-Only Memory"
error is by updating the device driver
applications.
FIX 2: REMOVE OR UNINSTALL NEW APPS

• Suppose you have recently installed any new

apps or software, and as a result, you
encounter the "Attempted to Write to Read-
Only Memory" error.
FIX 3: UPDATE THE PC OR WINDOWS

• Write to Read-Only Memory Issue can

occur if you don't upgrade the operating
system at the right time.
FIX 4: ENTER INTO SAFE MODE

• Another way to fix the "Attempted to

Write to Read-Only Memory" error is to
enter the safe mode.
FIX 5: MAKE A MEMORY ANALYSIS

• As memory shortage is another reason for the

“Attempted to Write to Read-Only Memory”
error, making a memory diagnosis is the best
choice to go.
FIX 6: EXECUTE BLUE SCREEN
TROUBLESHOOTER

• Another way to solve the "Attempted to Write

to Read-Only Memory" error is to use the Blue
Screen Troubleshooter option on Windows 10
on safe mode.
TIPS TO AVOID THE ATTEMPTED TO WRITE TO
READ-ONLY MEMORY ISSUE

• Look for compatibility

• Check for outdated or corrupted drivers
• Avoid Firmware and malware issues
• Check the operating system
• Make a backup or file copy
HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)
WHAT IS HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)?

• A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive,

or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data
storage device that stores and retrieves digital
data using magnetic storage with one or more
rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with
magnetic material.
WHAT DOES A HARD DRIVE DO?

• A hard drive is the hardware component that

stores all of your digital content. Your
documents, pictures, music, videos, programs,
application preferences, and operating system
represent digital content stored on a hard
drive.
FOUR KEY COMPONENTS INSIDE ITS
CASING
PLATTERS
• The platters are the circular discs inside
the hard drive where the 1s and 0s that
make up your files are stored. Platters
are made out of aluminum, glass or
ceramic and have a magnetic surface in
order to permanently store data.
THE SPINDLE
• The spindle keeps the platters in
position and rotates them as required.
The revolutions-per-minute rating
determines how fast data can be written
to and read from the hard drive.
THE READ/WRITE ARM

• The read/write arm controls the

movement of the read/write heads,
which do the actual reading and writing
on the disk platters by converting the
magnetic surface into an electric
current
ACTUATOR
• The actuator or head actuator is a small
motor that takes instructions from the
drive's circuit board to control the
movement of the read/write arm and
supervise the transfer of data to and
from the platters.
THREE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
HARD DRIVES
SATA DRIVES
• Introduced in 2003
• SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
• Is the default interface for most desktop and laptop
hard drives. They are referred to as SATA hard drives,
but they are actually rotary hard drives with spinning
platters and a moving needle that writes data to
consecutive sectors on each platter.
SSD HARD DRIVES
• SSD stands for Solid State Drive
• These disks don't have any moving parts. Instead, all
of the data is stored on non-volatile flash memory.
• It's difficult to find an exact speed because it varies by
manufacturer and form factor, but even the lower-
performing drives are comparable to SATA drives.
NVME

• Released in 2013
• Non-Volatile Memory Express or NVMe
• a type of SSD that's attached to a PCI Express
(PCIe) slot on a main board. These slots were
originally designed for graphics cards, so they
are incredibly fast
SSD VS HDD
• HDDs are traditional storage devices
with spinning platters that read and
write data. SSDs use newer technology
that stores data on instantly accessible
memory chips.
SSD VS HDD: CAPACITY
HDD CAPACITY
• HDD capacities range from 40GB up to 12TB for
commercial hard drives, while there are even larger
capacities for enterprise use. These days you can get
a 2TB hard drive for an affordable price, which offers
you plenty of space. HDDs around the 8TB to 12TB
size are primarily used for servers and NAS devices,
where you need a lot of space for holding backups.
SDD CAPACITY
• it’s a good idea to go for a smaller SSD, maybe
around 160GB–256GB, to hold programs such
as your operating system, for which you want
to take advantage of the SSD’s higher speed,
and then use a HDD to store other files where
speed isn’t as important.
ACTIVITY
GIVE THE ACRONYM OF THE
FOLLOWING
1. MROM
2. EEPROM
3. ENIAC
4. SATA
5. NVMe
ANSWERS
1. Masked Read Only Memory
2. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory
3. Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer
4. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
5. Nonvolatile Memory Express