THE NANO WORLD

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Refers to the science ,
engineering, and technology
conducted at the nanoscale, which
is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
 MORE ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanoscience and nanotechnology employs the
study and application of exceptionally small
things in other areas of science including
materials science, engineering, physics,
biology, and chemistry.
RICHARD FEYNMAN
He started the concepts of
nanotechnology and
nanoscience and
nanotechnology in
December 29, 1959
NORIO TANIGUCHI
He coined the term
“nanotechnology”.
HOW SMALL IS THE NANOSCALE?

• In the International System of Units,

the prefix "nano" means one-billionth,
or 10-9; therefore one nanometer is
one-billionth of a meter.
It’s difficult to imagine just how small that is, so here are some
examples:
• A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
• A strand of human DNA is 2.5 nanometers in diameter
• There are 25,400,000 nanometers in one inch
• A human hair is approximately 80,000- 100,000 nanometers
wide
• A single gold atom is about a third of a nanometer in diameter
• On a comparative scale, if the diameter of a marble was one
nanometer, then diameter of the Earth would be about one
meter
• One nanometer is about as long as your fingernail grows in one
second
HOW TO VIEW NANO MATERIALS?
Scientists use special types of microscope to view minute nanomaterials.
During the early 1930s, scientists used electron microscopes and field
microscopes to look at the nanoscale. The scanning tunneling
microscope and atomic force microscope are just among the modern and
remarkable advancements in microcopy.

1. Electron Microscope
2. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscope
 1. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron
microscope during the 1930s.
• This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light
up a specimen and develop a well-magnified image.
• Electron microscopes produce higher and better resolution than
older light microscopes because they can magnify objects up to
million times while conventional light microscopes can magnify
objects up to 1,500 times only.
• Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron
microscope (TEM) are the two general types of electron microscope.
2. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)
• It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate,
and Christoph Gerber in 1986.
• It makes use of a mechanicalprobe that gathers
information from the surface of a material.
3. SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE

• This special type of microscope enables scientists to

view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and
small molecules.
• In 1986, Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won the
Nobel Prize in Physics because of this invention.
 WHAT IS
NANOMANUFACTURING?
NANOMANUFACTURING
 It refers to the scaled-up, reliable, and cost-
effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials,
structures, devices, and systems.
 It also involves research, improvement, and
incorporation of processes for the construction of
materials.
 Nanomanufacturing leads to the development of new
products and improved materials.
TWO FUNDAMENTAL APPROACHES
TO NANOMANUFACTURING:
1.Bottom-up Fabrication
2.Top-down Fabrication
 1. BOTTOM-UP FABRICATION

• It manufactures products by building them up from

atomic- and molecular-scale components.
• However, this method can be time-consuming.
• Scientists and engineers are still in search for
effective ways of putting up together molecular
components that self-assemble and from the bottom-
up to organized structures.
 2. TOP-DOWN FABRICATION

• It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale.

• This process needs larger amounts of materials and
discards excess raw materials.
 2. TOP-DOWN FABRICATION
There are new approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-up
fabrication.
These include:
a. Dip pen lithography
b. Self-assembly
c. Chemical vapor
d. Nanoimprint lithography
e. Molecular beam epitaxy
f. Roll-to-roll processing
g. Atomic layer epitaxy
 DIP PEN
SELF-ASSEMBLY
LITHOGRAPHY

It is a method in which the tip

It depicts an approach wherein
of an atomic force microscope is
a set of components join
"dipped" into a chemical fluid
together to mold an organized
and then utilized to "write" on a
structure in the absence of an
surface, like an old-fashioned
outside direction.
ink pen onto paper.
 DIP PEN
SELF-ASSEMBLY
LITHOGRAPHY

It is a method in which the tip

It depicts an approach wherein
of an atomic force microscope is
a set of components join
"dipped" into a chemical fluid
together to mold an organized
and then utilized to "write" on a
structure in the absence of an
surface, like an old-fashioned
outside direction.
ink pen onto paper.