Title Title Title Title Title Title Title Title

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A STUDY OF ANTI-
FOULING PAINT ON THE
FOOD SAFETY
FATIN NABILA BINTI SAFIUDIN
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FATIN NUR FATIHAH BINTI RUSLI
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MUHAMMAD ARIF BIN BAHAROM

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Introduction
• Food demand and consumption are rising steadily around the world as
population rises. Foodborne infections have consequently grown to be
major global health concern due to handling of increased volume of food
commodities at various stage of food production, grading, processing and
packing.
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO,2020), there are
approximately 500 million cases of food borne illness worldwide each
year, resulting in thousand fatalities.
• The bacterial contamination and cross-contamination of food contact
surfaces has received more attention recently as a result of foodborne
illness outbreak and ensuing financial loses.
• Anti-fouling paints are used to prevent the growth of marine organisms on
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the ships and boats. They typically contained biocides, which are
chemicals that kill or inhibits the growth of living organisms.
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When an anti-fouling food safety occurs?
• Contaminations can occur when chemical from anti-fouling paint leach into
the wáter and subsequently accumulate in marine organisms, which can be
consumed by other animals, including those used for food
Where an anti-fouling on paint occurs?
• Harbors and ports are áreas where vessels frequently dock and are likely to
apply anti-fouling paints. The leaching toxic chemicals from the ppainted
hulls can be contaminate the surrounding wáter, affecting marine organisms
in the immediate vicinity
Why anti-fouling paints can occurs on food safety?
• Toxic compounds present in anti-fouling paints can accumulate in the tissues
of organisms over time. This bioaccumulation occurs as smaller organisms
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consume the paint residue or eat other contaminated organisms, and the
toxins gradually move up the food chain.
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What is the effect anti-fouling paints on the food safety?
• Bioaccumulation: can bioaccumulate in the tissues of marine organisms,
such as fish and shellfish.
• Reproductive problems: Biocides in anti-fouling paint have been linked to
reproductive problems in marine organisms.
• Neurological problems: Biocides in anti-fouling paint have also been
linked to neurological problems in marine organisms.
• Cancer: Some biocides in anti-fouling paint have been linked to cancer in
animals.

Why used anti-fouling paint?

• Antifouling surfaces do not kill germs, but they do prevent or considerably
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reduce bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. This reduces the growth
of bacterial colonies on surfaces that come into touch with food and lessens
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• The researchers creating each type of material confront a distinct set of
obstacles as they attempt to make these materials in a safe and cost-
effective manner that can be adopted on a wide scale for the productions of
food contact surfaces.​
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Illustrations of a bacterium encountering four antifouling coating strategies with key advantages and
disadvantages shown underneath each schematic.
a) In release-based techniques, antimicrobial chemicals that are initially contained within the coating are
carried through or released from the surface into solution, where it is visible that they are inactivating the
bacterium away from the surface.
b) Functional moieties added to the substrate in contact-based methods render bacteria inactive when they
come into touch with a surface.
c) In repulsion-based methods, the bacteria is kept alive while being repelled from the surface by a thick layer
of spring-like polymer chains.
d) Superhydrophobic effect-based strategies use micro- and nanoscale roughness or pores in combination
with a low-surface-energy coating that trap pockets of air (shown as white) that physically hinder the
bacterium from encountering and adhering to the surface.
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How to prevent issues related to anti fouling paint on food safety
• Selection of low-toxicity paints
Choose anti-fouling paints that are specifically formulated to be low in toxic
substances and minimize environmental and health risks.
• Proper application and maintenance
Follow the manufacturer's instructions for applying anti-fouling paint,
ensuring proper coverage and thickness.
• Monitoring and testing
Conduct regular monitoring and testing of seafood products from areas where
anti-fouling paints are used.
• Education and awareness
Promote best practices, provide training on proper handling and disposal of
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paints, and encourage sustainable and environmentally friendly practices

 Issues Title Title Title Title
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Intenational
Standard and Contaminated Regulatory
trade of seafood concerns
restrictions
Issues anti-
fouling paint on
food safety

Awareness
Environmental and education
impact
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 Issues Title Title Title Title
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Contamination of seafood
• Anti-fouling paints can release toxic substances, including heavy metals and other
biocides, into the water.
• These contaminants can accumulate in aquatic organisms, particularly shellfish and
fish, which may then be consumed by humans. Prolonged exposure to these toxins
can have adverse health effects, including damage to the nervous system, liver, and
kidneys.
Environmental impact
• These toxic substances can negatively affect various marine organisms, including
phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other invertebrates. Disruptions to the food chain
can occur, leading to ecological imbalances and potential loss of biodiversity.
Regulatory concerns
• Many countries have established regulations and restrictions on the use of certain
biocides in anti-fouling paints to mitigate food safety risks.
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• These regulations typically set limits on the concentration of harmful substances in

seafood products and require monitoring and testing to ensure compliance.
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International Standards Restrictions
• Variations in regulations across different countries can create challenges in ensuring a
global standard for anti-fouling paint usage and minimizing the risks to food safety.
• If seafood is found to contain excessive levels of toxic substances originating from
anti-fouling paints, it can be rejected or subject to additional testing, causing
financial losses for exporters.
Awareness and educations
• It is critical to ensure that stakeholders, such as fishermen, aquaculture operators, and
consumers, are aware of the possible risks linked with anti-fouling coatings in order
to maintain food safety and make informed decisions regarding seafood
consumption.
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EFFECTS ON FOOD SUPPLY, SAFETY, AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Plastics may already be

having an impact on
marine biodiversity

Human dietary exposure

to microplastics at Bivalve consumption of
present is via filter- microplastics
feeding shellfish
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CONDUCTIVE ANTI-FOULING COATING

To cover the boat in a layer of

Uses the system's conductivity to conductive polymer, followed by a
electrolyze seawater boat that serves as the cathode and a
coating that acts as the anode.

To achieve the anti-fouling effect on In 1990, Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy

ClO4 layer was formed at the coat's Coated the bottom of a boat, covering
surface through the use of a about 2,000 m3, and after 3 months,
microcurrent. there was no marine biofouling.
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 DISCUSSI
ON
WILD-CAUGHT SEAFOOD PRODUCTS WITH ECO-LABELS
A number of eco-labels
for wild-caught seafood
have been created
The fishing stage poses
the greatest
environmental burden,
energy use and anti-
fouling agent emissions
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Title Title Title
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To prevent fishing at
high environmental
costs only to produce
something that is later
wasted
Only the Swedish KRAV
currently addresses a
variety of issues, such
as energy and chemicals
throughout the entire
life cycle of the
products
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Conclusio
n
• The use of anti-fouling paints is a trade off between the need to protect
ships and boats from marine growth and the potential harm to the
environment.
• There is a growing body of research on the effects of anti-fouling paints
on marine life. This research is important for developing safer and
more environmentally friendly anti-fouling technologies.
• Governments and industry are working to develop regulations that will
reduce the environmental impact of anti-fouling paints. These
regulations will help to ensure that the benefits of anti-fouling paints
are balanced with the need to protect the environment.
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 REFRENCE Title
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Refrences

1. Aurora Marine Industries Inc. (2020, January 29). How toxic is antifouling paint? - Boat Cleaners, Boat
Maintenance & Boat Protection Products - Aurora Marine. Boat Cleaners, Boat Maintenance & Boat
Protection Products - Aurora Marine.
https://www.auroramarine.com/main/ask-the-skipper/how-toxic-is-antifouling-paint/#:~:text=Most%20antifou
ling%20bottom%20paints%20contain,your%20boat%2C%20creating%20a%20plume
.
2. Amara, I., Miled, W., Slama, R. B., & Ladhari, N. (2018). Antifouling processes and toxicity effects of
antifouling paints on marine environment. A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 57, 115–
130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.001
3. Relations, U. S. C. S. C. O. F. (2008). International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling
Systems on Ships.
4. DeFlorio, W., Liu, S., White, A. J. P., Taylor, T. N., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Min, Y., & Akbulut, M. (2021).
Recent developments in antimicrobial and antifouling coatings to reduce or prevent contamination and cross‐
contamination of food contact surfaces by bacteria. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food
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Safety, 20(3), 3093–3134. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12750

5. Antifouling. (n.d.). https://www.rya.org.uk/knowledge/environment/antifouling
6. D’Agata, R., Bellassai, N., Jungbluth, V. W., & Spoto, G. (2021). Recent Advances in Antifouling Materials