Course Code: BDSMED102

Course Title: General Human Physiology

Course Leader
Dr Ambarish
E Mail:ambarish@yahoo.co.in

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 Lecture- 69 Liver Functions and Tests
-Intended Learning Outcome-
At the end of this lecture student will be able to

• Exocrine Pancreas
– Recall Physiological anatomy of pancreas
– Describe Pancreatic juice: composition & function
– Explain Regulation & phases of pancreatic
secretion

• Succus entericus
– List Composition , function & Regulation of small
intestinal secretion
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 Exocrine Pancreas
&
Succus Entericus

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 Pancreas

• Endocrine
– Insulin,glucagon

• Exocrine
– Enzymes (acini)
– Bicarbonate
(ducts)

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 Composition of pancreatic juice

• Watery, colorless, with strong bicarbonate odour

• 1500ml
• Sp gr: 1010 – 1018
• pH : 7.8 to 8.4 (due to high HCO3- Conc.)
• Content : 98.5% water & 1.5% solids
• Inorganic:
– cation eg. Na+, K+ ,Ca++, Mg++
– Anion eg. HCO3-,Cl-, SO42-, HPO42-
• Organic – digestive enzymes

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 Pancreas – digestive enzymes
Enzyme Activator Substrate Catalytic Function or
Products
Trypsin Enteropeptid Proteins and Cleave peptide
(trypsinogen) ase polypeptides bonds on carboxyl
side of basic
amino acids
(arginine or
lysine)

Chymotrypsin Trypsin Proteins and Cleaves peptide

(chymotrypsinog polypeptides bonds on carboxyl
ens) side of aromatic
amino acids

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 Pancreas – digestive enzymes
Enzyme Activato Substrate Catalytic Products
r
Elastase Trypsin Elastin, some Cleaves bonds on
(proelastase) other carboxyl side of
proteins aliphatic amino
acids

Carboxypeptidase A Trypsin Proteins and Cleaves carboxy-

procarboxy- polypeptide terminal amino
eptidase A) s acids that have
aromatic or
branched aliphatic
side chains
Carboxypeptidase B Trypsin Proteins and Cleaves carboxy-
(procarboxy- polypeptide terminal amino
peptidase B) s acids that have
basic side chains
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 Enzyme Activator Substrate Catalytic Function or
Products
Colipase Trypsin Fat droplets Facilitates exposure
(procolipase) of active site of
pancreatic lipase

Pancreatic lipase ... Triglycerides Monoglycerides and

fatty acids

Cholesteryl ester ... Cholesteryl Cholesterol

hydrolase esters

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 Enzyme Activator Substrate Catalytic Function or
Products
Pancreatic α-amylase Cl- Starch Same as salivary α-
amylase

Ribonuclease ... RNA Nucleotides

Deoxyribonuclease ... DNA Nucleotides

Phospholipase A2 Trypsin Phospholipid Fatty acids,

(prophospholipase lysophospholipids
A2 )

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 Regulation of pancreatic secretion

• Hormonal regulation is by
– Secretin
– Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ or CCK)

• Neural regulation
– Vagal stimulation -  secretion

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 Three phases of pancreatic secretion

1. Cephalic Phase
• Mediated by vagus
2. Gastric Phase
• Gastro – pancreatic reflex – vagus + gastrin from
pyloric antrum
3. Intestinal Phase
• Hormone: secretin & pancreozymin

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 Abnormal pancreatic function
• Hypofunction :
– Chronic pancreatitis, surgical resection of
pancreas, pancreatic carcinoma
– Childhood: fibrocystic disease
Causes
– Reduced volume of pancreatic secretion
– Decrease bicarbonate & enzyme content
– Steatorrhoea or excessive excretion of fat in feces
(bulky, frothy, foul smelling)

• Acute Pancreatitis:
– Activated pancreatic enzymes – autodigestion of
pancreas & chemical inflammation of the gland
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 Intestinal Juice or
Succus Entericus

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 Crypts Of Lieberkuhn – Secrete The Intestinal Juice

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 • Its composition varied in different parts of the small
intestine
• Daily secretion : 3 liters
• watery
• straw colored
• cloudy due to flecks of mucus in it.
• pH – 7.6
– The varying amounts of dissolved carbon di­oxide
and bicarbonate are responsible for the wide range
of pH (6.5 to 7.6) encountered in different parts.

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 • isotonic with plasma
• S.G : 1010
• composed of water (about 98%)
• Solids
– inorganic salts
• Cations - K+, Na+, Ca++
• Anions - Cl-, HCO3-

• jejunal secretions : Cl-, K+ 

• ileal secretions : Na+, Ca++ 

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 Organic constituents:
• Proteins
• Mucin
• Albumin
• Immunoglobulin A
• numerous shed epithelial cells of the intestinal
mucous membrane
• Digestive enzymes - present in the shed epithelial
cells & have little role in digestion

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 Intestinal Enzymes:

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 II. Digestive Enzymes

(a) Proteolytic Enzymes. Break down polypeptide into

aminoacids
• Carboxypeptidases
• Endopeptidases
• Dipeptidases

(b) Enzymes Acting on Nucleic Acids

• Nuclease.
• Nucleotidase
• Nucleosidase
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 Fat Splitting (Lipophylic) Enzyme:
• Intestinal lipase present in the brush border of epithelial
cell
• its action is much weaker than that of pancreatic lipase.

Enzymes Acting on Carbohydrates:

• important amylolytic enzymes are the disaccharidases
• Maltase
• Sucrase
• Lactase.
• Isomaltase
• Trehlase
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• Amylase
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 Regulation of Small Intestinal Secretion

1. Local Stimuli:
– Presence of chyme in the intestine increases
intestinal secretion.
– distention of intestine stimulate secretion, probably
by local nervous reflexes.

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 2. Extrinsic Nerves-
– Vagal stimulation - increases only secretion of
Brunner's glands but not that of the crypts of
Lieberkuhn
– Sympathetic stimulation inhibits secretion.

Inhibition
 helps to prevent loss of fluid & electrolyte
 help absorptive process

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 Malabsorption Syndrome

• Absorptive defect due to lack of digestive enzymes

• Causes :
– Lactose intolerance – lactase deficiency leads to
intolerance to milk
– Biliary obstruction
– Pancreatic disease
– Coeliac disease & sprue
– Extensive intestinal resection
– Irradiation of the bowel

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 Summary

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 Disclaimer

All data and content provided in this

presentation are taken from the
reference books, internet – websites
and links, for informational purposes
only.

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