PHONOLOGY

Chapter 1
By group 1:

Cynthia 20403077
Gabriella Mercy Bawuno 18403018
Jovanka Syaloomitha Walalangi 19403010
Andreas Natanael Wonok 19403013
 Levels of English Structure

01 02 03
Phonology Morphology Syntax
a study about the system of study of the meaningful study of words are arranged
speech sounds form made from the to form sentences
individual speech sounds
 Two Facts each person has individual
modes of expression that are
uniquely his, idiolect

01 02

Language itself is oral Phonology English language as

spoken in US is not
uniform

Inland Northern English

 A. The Speech-Producing Mechanism

01 02

Based on the Based on Biological aspects of

Psychological Aspects Speech Production
- Conceptualisasion

- Formulation

- Articulation
 A. The Speech-Producing Mechanism
Speech sounds are sound waves created
in a moving stream of air. This moving
stream of air has two possible outlets. It
can pass through the nasal cavity and
emerge through the nose, or it can pass
through the oral cavity and come out
through the mouth. It does not go
through both passages, because in
speech one of them is ordinarily closed
A. The Speech-Producing Mechanism

nasal
oral
nasal nasal
oral nasal
oral nasal
nasal
 A. The Speech-Producing Mechanism

The moving stream of air can pass through the oral

Oral cavity and come out through the mouth

The moving stream of air pass through the nasal

cavity and emerge through the nose. nasals in Nasal
English are [n], [ŋ] and [m], in words such
as nose, bring and mouth

The vocal chord, if they are vibrating, the sound is

Where does the sound called voiced. If they are not vibrating, the sound is
come from? called voiceless.
A. The Speech-Producing Mechanism

voiceless
voiced
voiceless voiced
voiceless
voiced voiced
voiceless voiced
 B. The Phoneme
The phoneme is a speech sound that signals
a difference in meaning.
 B. The Phoneme
Word pairs such as pit and bit,
dime and dine, where one
sound changes the meaning of Phonemes, the idealized,
the word, are called minimal abstract sounds of a language,
pairs. can be realized in many
different ways and we call
these different realizations of
For example: /l/ phoneme has a phoneme allophones.
three allophones:
As in lit; well; play.

A phoneme is not an
individual sound but a small
family or class of similar
sounds.
Thank You