General Biology 2

• Processes Involve in Genetic Engineering

Pre-Activity
•identify the terminology for
the nationality of an
individual paired to a Filipino
based on the different flag and
the name of the product when
2 different fruits are combine.
+
 +
FIL-AM
+
 +
JAPANESE-FILIPINO or
JaPinoy
 +
JAPANESE-FILIPINO or
JaPinoy
+
 +
SPANISH-FILIPINO or
iSpanyo 1
+
 +
CHINESE-FILIPINO or
Tsinoy
+
 +
guapple 1
+
 +
pluerry
+
 +
peacharine
Processing Questions
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
1. What idea can you infer from the 1 st

activity? 2nd activity?

2. What do you think would be the physical
characteristics of those person with different
race in the first activity?
3. How about the physical characteristics of
the product in activity 2?
PROCESSING QUESTIONS
4. What could be the reason for the results of the
physical appearance?
5. Are the results in activity 2 can happen in
reality? Why or why not?
6. Based on your answer, what do you think will be
our lesson for today?
Answer:

Genetic Engineering
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
•At the end of the lesson
•Knowledge: differentiate the kinds of
genetic engineering and their uses
•Skills: outline the processes involved
in Genetic Engineering
•Attitude: appreciate the importance of
Genetic engineering in daily living
LESSON
PROPER
Question????
When do you think
Genetic Engineering
started?
GENETIC ENGINEERING

•From the time Human were

called as nomads, until they’ve
learned to tilt their land and
become a farmers and raise
their livestock genetic
engineering already begun.
GENETIC ENGINEERING
•The process involves cutting DNA
sequences and pasting them on a new
sequence to create an organism with a
specific set of hand-picked traits.
•It is the artificial manipulation,
modification and recombination of DNA or
other nucleic acid molecule in order to
modify an organism
GENETIC ENGINEERING

•Genetic engineering is also

known as DNA technology.
•DNA technology is already
widely used to engineer the
genes of cultured cells for
numerous practical purposes.
GENETIC ENGINEERING

• DNA
• It is a molecule which contains all information
necessary to build and maintain an organism.
• carries the genetic information of all living organism.
• DNA is made up of a double-stranded helix held
together by weak hydrogen bonds between purine-
pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs: adenine (A) paired
with thymine (T), and guanine (G) paired with cytosine
(C).
• Also called deoxyribonucleic acid.
GENETIC ENGINEERING

RNA
• is a single-stranded nucleic acid that is mostly
involved in protein synthesis
• An RNA molecule has a backbone made of
alternating phosphate groups and the sugar
ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA.
• Attached to each sugar is one of four bases:
adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C) or guanine (G).
• Also called ribonucleic acid.
GENETIC ENGINEERING

•Why do you think was the

reason Scientist develop a
technique that aims to modify
the genetic composition of an
organism?
GENETIC ENGINEERING

•Scientist develop a technique

that aims to modify the
genetic composition of an
organism to possess the
desired traits or phenotypes.
GENETIC ENGINEERING

•What do you think are the

process involving Genetic
Engineering?
GENETIC ENGINEERING

•Genetic engineering is
basically similar in playing
LEGO blocks, where scientist
build up DNA’s until they form
and create new organisms.
GENETIC ENGINEERING

•Kinds of Genetic engineering

1. classical breeding
2. Recombinant DNA
technology (rDNA)
Kinds of Genetic engineering

1. classical breeding which is

considered as the traditional
way of genetic engineering
which practices the mating
of organisms with desirable
qualities and traits
Kinds of Genetic engineering

1. classical breeding
Kinds of Genetic engineering

1. classical breeding

guapple Wagyu beef

Kinds of Genetic engineering

Steps in classical breeding

1. Determine the significant trait to be
chosen
2. Select parents that exemplify the trait
3. Choose the best offspring from the
parents to produce the next generation
4. Repeat the process
Kinds of Genetic engineering

What do you think is the most

important steps in classical
breeding?
Kinds of Genetic engineering

2. Recombinant DNA technology

(rDNA), a modern technique of
genetic engineering.
Kinds of Genetic engineering

2. Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) product example

Bt ( Bacillus Golden rice

thuringiensis) corn
Kinds of Genetic engineering

1. Based on the example of rDNA

how do you think it was
achieved?
2. What do you think are the
purpose of rDNA?
Kinds of Genetic engineering

The purpose of rDNA may be involve in the

following:
1. Introduction of new traits into an
organism
2. Enhancement of present trait by
increasing the expression of the desired
gene
3. Produced large volume of protein from
BREAKTHROUGH OF DNA TECHNOLOGY

STEPS IN RDNA
1. A plasmid is first isolated from a
bacterium
•One remarkable breakthrough of DNA
technology is the genetically engineered
bacteria.
•Bacteria are simple organisms that are easy
to reproduce and have a simple mechanisms
BREAKTHROUGH OF DNA TECHNOLOGY

•Plasmid is a circular DNA molecule

smaller than and separate from the
bacterial chromosomes.
•Plasmid has the capacity to carry
virtually any gene and replicate in
bacteria, they are the main tools for
DNA technology.
BREAKTHROUGH OF DNA TECHNOLOGY
STEPS IN RDNA

2. DNA carrying a gene of interest

is obtained from another cells.
3. A piece of DNA containing the
gene is inserted into the plasmid,
producing recombinant DNA
HOW TO INSERT THE GENE OF CHOICE IN THE PLASMID

i. Bacterial restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules at a

specific DNA sequences called restriction site.
ii. A restriction enzymes make many cut, resulting to
restriction fragments.
• The cutting tools for making recombinant DNA is a
bacterial enzymes called restriction enzymes.
• Most restriction enzymes recognize short nucleotide
sequences in DNA molecules and cut at specific areas
within the recognition site.
iii. DNA ligase is an enzyme that seals the bonds
BREAKTHROUGH OF DNA TECHNOLOGY

how plasmids can be used to give bacteria its useful potential

4. A bacterial cell takes up the

plasmid by transformation
5. The genetically engineered,
recombinant bacterium is then
cloned to generate to make more
copies of the gene.
BREAKTHROUGH OF DNA TECHNOLOGY

how plasmids can be used to give bacteria its useful potential

6. The copies of the gene is then

inserted to the host of choice.
•Transgenic organism or GMO is
the product of genetic
engeineering.
BREAKTHROUGH OF DNA TECHNOLOGY

•What do you think are the advantages of GMO in

the stability of an ecosystem?
•Will you allow genetic engineering to save the
almost extinct organism? If yes, why?
GROUP ACTIVITY
Decoding Game On:
2

The learners will be group to see how

fast they can outline the process
involved in rDNA genetic engineering by
decoding the steps based on the picture
that they will be drawn in the box. Each
member will only be given one chance
and they are not allowed to change their
answers.
The Order
•number the process from 1-4 for
2

classical breeding and 1-6 for rDNA

technology, 1 being the first step
and 6 being the last step.
The Order
•Classical Breeding
2
•___ Select parents that exemplify the trait
4 Repeat the process
•___
3 Choose the best offspring from the
•___
parents to produce the next generation
1
•____Determine the significant trait to be
chosen
The Order
•rDNA
2 DNA carrying a gene of interest is obtained from
•­_____
another cells.
6 The copies of the gene are then inserted to the host of
•_____
choice.
4 A bacterial cell takes up the plasmid by
•_____
transformation
5 The genetically engineered, recombinant bacterium is
•_____
then cloned to generate to make more copies of the gene.
1 A plasmid is first isolated from a bacterium.
•_____
3 A piece of DNA containing the gene is inserted into
•_____
the plasmid, producing recombinant DNA.
• Self-Reflection
1.Do you think Genetic engineering is important
in our in daily living?
2.If yes, explain “With genetic engineering and
even with traditional breeding, it’s important
that farmers don’t become dependent on just a
few varieties of a crop, but instead try to
preserve diversity” by Jane Rissler.
3.Can you give an example of the thing you want
to modify someday to help the human kind.
•Complete me
•complete the following statements by filling
in with the term and/or phrase.
•1. I have learned that ___________.
•2. As a STEM student, it is important to
understand the genetic engineering
because _________________.
•3. knowing and understanding Genetic
engineering makes me ________.
Assignment: Please
read more about the
rDNA in application to
health science.
For clarification on the process of rDNA, you
may watch this video from Youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BK12dQq
4sJw
• ACTIVITY
• ACTIVITY
• Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the
statement is incorrect.
• _____1. Plasmid is a circular DNA molecule smaller than and separate
from the bacterial chromosomes.
• _____2. DNA contains purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs:
adenine (A) paired with thymine (T), and guanine (G) paired with
cytosine (C).
• _____3. Animals can be a genetically modified.
• _____4. RNA contains purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs:
adenine (A) paired with thymine (T), and guanine (G) paired with
cytosine (C).
• _____5. Cloning is the process that involves cutting DNA sequences
and pasting them on a new sequence to create an organism with a
• ACTIVITY
• Enumeration
• Give example of classical breeding
• Give example of RDNA
• Summarize the steps in RDNA
• ACTIVITY
• Enumeration
• Give example of classical breeding
• Give example of RDNA
• Summarize the steps in RDNA
• Answers
• ANSWER
•1.TRUE
•2.TRUE
•3.TRUE
•4.FALSE
•5. FALSE
•6-7 guapple/ wagyu beef
•8-9 bt corn/ golden rice
10-15
1. A plasmid is first isolated from a bacterium
2. DNA carrying a gene of interest is obtained from another
cells.
3. A Piece of DNA containing the gene is inserted into the
plasmid, producing recombinant DNA
4. A bacterial cell takes up the plasmid by transformation
5. The genetically engineered, recombinant bacterium is
then cloned to generate to make more copies of the gene.
6. The copies of the gene is then inserted to the host of
choice.