Language is a symbol system based

on pure or arbitrary conventions…

infinitely extendable and modifiable
according to the changing needs and
conditions of the speakers (Robins).

A language is a system of arbitrary

vocal symbols used for human
communication (Ward augh).

A language is a system of arbitrary

vocal symbols by means of which a
social group cooperates (Bloch and
Trager).
2. Language is a purely
human and non-
instinctive method of
communicating ideas,
emotions and desires by
means of a system of
voluntarily produced
symbols (Sapir).
3. Language is the
institution whereby
humans communicate
and interact with each
other by means of
habitually used oral-
auditory arbitrary
symbols.
(Hall)
4. A language is a
set (finite or
infinite) of
sentences, each
finite in length and
constructed out of a
finite set of
elements (Noam
Chomsky).
Language is undoubtedly
a kind of means of
communication among
human beings. It consists
primarily of vocal
sounds. It is articulatory,
systematic, symbolic and
arbitrary (Derbyshire).
Language is a system
of conventional
spoken or written
symbols by means of
which human beings,
as members of a social
group and
participants in its
culture, communicate.
- (Encyclopaedia
Britannica)
Languages are the
principal systems of
communication used
by particular groups
of human beings
within the particular
society (linguistic
community) of which
they are members.
- (Lyons)
What is the meaning of macro
skills/ macro-language skills?
Macro skills/ macro-
language skills?
refer to the primary,
key, main, and largest
skill set relative to a
particular context. It is
commonly referred to
in English language.
What is ESL in language
teaching?

ESL (English as a Second

Language) refers to learners
who are using English in order
to communicate in a second
language