Introduction to radiology

Zakarya alrazhi
B.Sc. in Rad. Technology (AAU)

M.Sc. in Medical Diagnostic imaging(UMST)

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 History
 X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm
Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) who was a
Professor at Wuerzburg University in Germany.
 Working with a cathode-ray tube in his
laboratory.

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 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen Radiograph of the hand
772960955 ‫مكتبة االصدقاء للخدمات الطالبية‬ of his wife, Bertha. 3
 Radiology

 It is the science that concern in studying

radiation, application of radiation and its effects.

 Radiation

 Electromagnetic wave either ionizing or

none ionizing with different energy,
frequency and wave length.
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 Radiograph:

A radiograph is a film or other base material

containing a processed image of an anatomic part of
a patient as a procedure by action of x-rays.

 Radiography:

 The production of radiographs or other forms of

radiographic images. (“process”)

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 ‫‪Types and Sources of radiation‬‬

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 Sources of ionizing radiation
 Natural background radiation
Artificial sources of radiation
Medical sources:
Radiation has many uses in medicine.
 The most well known use is X-ray machines,
which use radiation to find broken bones and
diagnose disease.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Types of radiation
Non-ionizing radiation
 People use and are exposed to non-ionizing radiation

sources every day.

 This form of radiation does not carry enough energy

to ionize atoms or molecules.

 Microwave, telephones, television stations, radio

wave.
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Ionizing radiation
 Some types of radiation have enough energy that

they can knock electrons out of their orbits around

atoms, upsetting the electron/proton balance and

giving the atom a positive charge. Electrically

charged molecules and atoms are called ions.

 The radiation that can produce ions is called

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ionizing radiation.
There are many types of ionizing
radiation.
 The following are some of the relevant ones:
 Alpha radiation
 Beta radiation
 Gamma radiation
 X-rays
 Neutron radiation

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 X-rays
X rays are a form of
electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths that range from
about 10−8 to about 10−12 meter
corresponding to frequencies
about 1018 Hertz (HZ)

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 Properties of X Rays
1. Penetration
 Able to pass through matter in varying degrees
 METALS = MOST DIFFICULT
 BONE = EASIER THAN METAL
 MUSCLE = EASIER THAN BONE
 AIR = EASIEST

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Properties of X Rays
2. Photographic Effect
similar
to light
exposes film by darkening it
MANY X RAYS = BLACK
FEWER X RAYS = GRAY
NO X RAYS = WHITE (CLEAR)

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 Examples:
AIR = BLACK
MUSCLE = DARK GRAY
BONE = LIGHT
 METALS = WHITE

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Properties of X Rays
3.Fluorescent Effect
causes certain materials to
emit light

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Properties of X Rays
4. Ionization
able to free electrons from orbiting around
the nucleus of an atom
energy of x ray used to "free" the electron
ion pair= ionized atom and freed e-

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 Ionization
Ionization is the process of removing an electron
from an electrically neutral atom to produce an
ion pair. An ion is an atom or subatomic particle
with a positive or negative charge.

Ionization negative ion

(electron)

X-ray enters atom and strikes

++
+
electron, knocking it out of its
orbit and creating two ions (ion
pair). The ejected electron is the
negative ion and the atom with a
net positive charge is the positive positive ion: atom with
ion. 3 protons, 2 electrons
Properties of X Rays
5. Biologic effects
 harmful effects caused by the ionization of
atoms in living organisms
 Examples
 Cellular damage
 Tissue damage (radiation burns, etc.)
 Organ damage
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‫‪Thank‬‬ ‫‪you‬‬
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